AICE US History Quarter 4 Test 1 (3/30/26)

The economic impact of the Cold War

Space race, proxy wars, aid programs, militarism

Flexible response

Building up conventional weapons and troop numbers

Alliance for Progress

JFK aid program, Latin American, 10 years, $20,000,000,000, designed to foster economic cooperation, social reform, and democratic development in and aimed to combat poverty and reduce the influence of communism/Cuba

Peace Corps

Volunteers, serve 2 years, humanitarian aid in foreign countries

Great Society

Johnson's package of liberal reforms and programs aiming to combat inequality and poverty

Medicare and Medicaid

Greatly expands healthcare industry % of GDP

Project Head Start

Prepares underprivileged children for elementary school

High Education Act of 1965

Established the current federal student loans program

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Provides housing, urban revitalization, and Job Corps

Fair Packaging and Labeling Act

1967, requiring consumer products to have accurate, informative labels to prevent deception and enable value comparisons for household commodities

Clean Air and Water Quality Acts

Foundational U.S. federal laws designed to protect public health and the environment by regulating pollution

Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 (Hart-Celler Act)

Abolished quota system based on national origin, established new immigration policy based on attracting skilled labor to the US

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Created more oversight of elections and eliminated discriminatory practices (literacy tests), more African American voters = more representation and consideration in congress

Marshall Plan

1948, provided over $13 billion in economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII

Dodge Line

A strict financial contraction policy launched on March 7, 1949, designed by US economist Joseph Dodge to end high inflation and foster economic independence in post-WWII Japan

Aid to East Asia

Humanitarian relief, infrastructure development, and economic stabilization primarily to prevent communist expansion

Decline of American manufacturing

Marshal plan and aid to foreign nations, massive US defense spending keeps allied nations from spending on defense, globalization of economy sees growing number of foreign goods coming to US

Export trade deficit

Imports > exports

Executive Order 6102

US citizens can't exchange currency for gold/outlaws

USD and gold standard

Created by the Bretton Woods Agreement to regulate international monetary system

IMF and World Bank

Institutions to monitor the international monetary system, persisted after collapse of Bretton Woods agreement

The Nixon Shock

Series of economic measures to combat inflation

Balance-of-payments deficit

US was spending more dollars than it was earning in foreign exchange

Dollar overvaluation

Dollar worth more in relation to other currencies = US goods were more expensive abroad

Fiat Currency

Allows for more flexible monetary policy, linked only to faith

Inflation

Devaluing of money, even more so after leaving gold standard

Stagflation

Inflation high, economic growth slows, unemployment remains steadily high

Keynesian Economics

Short term economic output is influenced by the amount of spending in the economy

Wage-Price Spiral

Prices rise so wages rise too but inflation outpaces wage raises

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Oil Crisis 1973

OPEC embargos oil leading to oil shock

Oil Crisis 1979

Caused by Iranian Revolution and subsequent war

W.I.N. (Whip Inflation Now)

Gerald Ford's government attempt to start a grassroots thrift movement

Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA)

Created strategic reserves, fuel economy standards for automobiles, conservation standards for appliances

Sun Belt

Movement from northeast to west and south

Rust Belt

Area full of old abandoned northern industries

New Frontier

JFK domestic policy; increase aid to education, health insurance for elderly

Equal Pay Act

1963, JFK attempt to close gender gap

JFK Disabilities advocate

Funding for research and institutions, President's Council on Mental Retardation, Special Olympics

J. Edgar Hoover

Exaggerates communist ties to Civil Rights Movement

Berlin Airlift

1948-49, US and British forces flew over 2.3 million tons of food, fuel, and supplies into West Berlin

Warren Commission

Established by LBJ to investigate JFK's assassination

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Johnson; segregation illegal in public facilities, private employers, anything receiving federal subsidies

Economic Opportunity Act

Creates 10 programs to fight illiteracy, unemployment, and poor public services

Jobs Corp

A free, residential education and career technical training program administered by the U.S. Department of Labor for eligible young people ages 16-24

VISTA

Volunteers in Service to America, domestic Peace Corps

Watts Riot

Alleged police brutality sparked riot, 6 days, 14,000 national guards and 1,500 police

Detroit Riot

Army sent in by LBJ, 5 days, 43 deaths, 1,189 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and over 2,000 buildings destroyed

Credibility Gap

What the govt says vs what's actually happening

Nixon's polarizing tactics

A deliberate political strategy he employed to divide the American electorate into opposing groups for electoral gain

Law and Order

Nixon campaign theme and governing philosophy designed to restore stability

Silent Majority

Nixon appeals to the generally content, law-abiding, middle-class Americans

Peace with honor

Nixon's campaign promise and '73 foreign policy goal to pull the US out of the Vietnam War

Nixon Doctrine

July 1969, stated that the US would honor its treaty commitments but expected allied nations to handle their own military defense

Vietnamization

Aimed to reduce direct U.S. troop involvement in Asian conflicts.

Southern Strategy

Appealing to racism in the south indirectly to win votes.

Crime Wave of the 1960s and 70s

Race riots, crime disproportionately perpetrated and impacted African Americans.

Revenue sharing

Gave federal funds to state and local governments but allowed federal control.

Impounding

Withholding funds that Congress allots to programs.

Operational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Ensures employers provide safe working environments for employees.

Environment Protection Agency (EPA)

Protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations.

Henry Kissinger

Selected as national security advisor, became most important foreign policy advisor.

Détente

The easing of hostility or strained relations, policy of relaxed tensions between US, China, and USSR.

Proxy Wars

Wars not fought between US and Russia but carrying out their aims (Vietnam, Chile).

China

Nixon visits in '72, agrees to 'more normal' relations, China admitted to UN.

Russia

Nixon first president since WWII to visit, Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) Talks.

Paranoid Atmosphere

Nixon despises 'liberal' media, creates 'enemies' list, uses FBI to spy on 'enemies.'

Pentagon Papers

Details of operations in Vietnam from Kennedy and Johnson administrations; reveals lies and deception.

My Lai Massacre

1968 murder of Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops, revealed to the public in 1971.

Invasion of Cambodia

Escalation of war despite assurances that American involvement would decrease.

Kent-State Shooting

Student Vietnam war protestors fired upon by national guardsmen, resulting in 4 deaths.

Watergate Break-In

5 men associated with the plumbers ordered to break into Democratic Headquarters.

Nixon's Tapes

Nixon refuses to give them up due to 'Executive Privilege,' Supreme Court orders tapes be turned over.

25th Amendment

1967, gave president right to nominate new VP if there's a vacancy.

Gerald Ford

Becomes new VP after Agnew resigns and later becomes first president not voted in.

Realpolitik

Politics or diplomacy based primarily on power rather than ideological notions.

Domino Theory

Suggesting that if one nation fell to communism, neighboring countries would inevitably fall as well.

Khmer Rouge

Brutal communist regime led by Pol Pot that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979.

Camp David Accords

Carter's great success, peace between Israel and Egypt.

Iran Hostage Crisis

52 hostages taken at US embassy, Carter tries to rescue them but fails.

Sit-Ins

Sit at Whites-only areas and refuse to leave.

Jail-not-Bail

Civil rights protest strategy where activists refuse to pay bail or fines.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Bussed people to the south to help with voting registration.

Freedom Riders

Rode busses into the south to challenge the non-enforcement of desegregation laws.

Eugene 'Bull' Connor

Commissioner of Public Safety, prompted police use of clubs, dogs, and hoses on civil rights protestors.

Children's March

Young people marched through downtown, attacked and arrested by police.

KKK Bombing of 16th St. Baptist Church

1963 bombing that killed 4 young black girls and injured others.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

MLK's letter explaining his rationale for the Civil Rights Movement.

Kennedy's Civil Rights Bill of 1963

Attempted to ban segregation in public spaces but fails.

The March on Washington

250,000 demonstrators, 'I Have a Dream.'

24th Amendment

Cannot deny voting because of an inability to pay any kind of tax.

Selma March

Demonstrations for voting rights, 3,000 arrests, police beat protestors.

Kerner Commission

Johnson appoints council to examine inner-city problems, blames racism.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Prohibits discrimination in the sale or rental of property.

Stokely Carmichael

Founded Black Power as a social and political slogan.

Black Panthers

Militant group to protect blacks from police violence, called for end to racial oppression.

Education Amendments of 1972

Includes Title IX outlawing discrimination based on sex.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Upheld the use of race as a factor in choosing among qualified applicants for admission.

The United Farm Workers

Organization created by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta to boycott California's farmers.

La Raza Unida Party

Formed by Jose Angel Gutierrez, successful at winning local elections.