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Great Reform Bill of 1832
Important law that granted voting rights to urban, middle-class men in Britain. It almost doubled the number of eligible voters.
franchise
Term that refers to the power to vote.
suffrage
Term that refers to the power to vote.
domestics
Term that refers to people, usually women, who are employed to work in a home as maids, cooks, and laundresses.
universal manhood suffrage
Political term that means that all adult man have the right to vote.
People's Charter
A national petition in Britain that demanded universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, and salaries for members of Parliament. It gathered over 6,000,000 signatures but was never accepted by Parliament.
abolition
The political and social movement that fought to end the slave trade and the practice of human slavery all over the world.
Congress of Vienna
One of the most important diplomatic events in European history, the Congress went from November 1814 to June 1815. The goal of the diplomats was to restore European order after the defeat of Napoleon.
Prince Metternich
he served as the Austrian Foreign Minister and later the Chancellor (Prime Minister) during most of the first half of the 1800's. His conservative views dominated European international politics for decades after the Congress of Vienna.
restoration
The act of returning a monarch to their throne, a government to power, or the control of a previous regime.
legitimacy
Something that is legal, rightful, or appropriate.
balance-of-power
The European diplomatic goal of preventing any single nation from dominating the entire continent. Britain was especially dedicated to it.
Troppau Protocol
An 1820 diplomatic agreement between Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia that pledged military assistance to any European government threatened by revolution. Britain strongly opposed the agreement.
ideology
Ideas and ideals that form the basis of thoughts and attitudes toward economic and political goals.
conservatism
The political ideology that supports free-enterprise, private ownership of property, and traditional social values.
liberalism
The political ideology that supports personal liberty, individual rights, and equality before the law.
"The government that governs best, governs least."
A phrase by John Stuart Mill that summarizes the philosophy of liberalism.
free trade
The economic policy that argues that international trade should have no restrictions, such as tariffs, quotas, or embargoes.
capitalism
An economic system in which business is controlled by private companies and individuals, not the state.
socialism
An economic theory that supports the state's control of the major resources and businesses in society. Socialists believe that the state can ensure that all benefit equally from economic activity.
subjugate
To bring someone or something under domination or control, especially by conquest.
Utopian Socialism
A branch of socialism that advocated the formation of small, idealistic communities that focused on communal living around a specific business.
New Lanark
A large textile factory community in Scotland that was turned into a model Utopian Socialist experiment by Robert Owen. Owen built good worker housing, schools for the town's children, and paid fair wages.
July Monarchy
The nickname for the reign of the French monarch, King Louis Philippe. It lasted from the July Revolution in 1830 until the Revolution of 1848.
Provisional Government
A temporary government set up after the overthrow of Louis Philippe in February 1848. It lasted until June 1848. A term applied to any interim government set up to temporarily keep a state functioning until a new permanent regime can be formed.
National Workshops
An employment program established by the French Second Republic in February 1848. It guaranteed work for any unemployed laborer who could prove residence in Paris. It was designed by the socialist, Louis Blanc.
June Days
This was a violent uprising from June 22 - June 26, 1848 when Parisian proletarians battled the French Army. Workers were angry at the closure of the National Workshops. Over 10,000 were killed.
French Second Republic (1848 - 1852)
Term for the government that administered France from the fall of Louis Philippe to the beginning of the Second Empire.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (AKA: Emperor Napoleon III)
The nephew of Napoleon, he was elected president of the Second Republic and in 1852 he reestablished his uncle's Empire as the "Second Empire."
Second Empire (1852 - 1870)
Term for the government that administered France under the reign of Emperor Napoleon III. It was an authoritarian state that experienced many successes, but was destroyed by military defeat.
autonomy
self-government for a region
Magyar
A synonym for Hungarian.
reactionary
A philosophy that opposes any political or social reforms.
Diet of Frankfurt (1848 - 1849)
A German nationalist meeting that gathered in hopes of forming a unified German state. It ended in failure.
Kleindeutsch
The "Small German" faction at the Diet of Frankfurt. They favored the creation of a unified Germany under Prussian dominance and the exclusion of Austria.
Grossdeutsch
The "Big German" faction at the Diet of Frankfurt. They favored the creation of a unified Germany under Austrian dominance.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian nationalist leader who led the decades long effort for the creation of a unified Italian state.
Young Italy
The Italian nationalist movement led by Mazzini. By 1848 it had over 50,000 members all over the Italian peninsula.
Carboneri
It was a secret network of Italian nationalist groups that loosely cooperated in an effort to unify Italy.
Romanticism
A major European art movement that flourished between the 1790's and the 1830's. The Romantics focused on injecting passion and emotion into their art, music, and writings.
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