FCLE FLASHCARDS

Marbury v. Madison

Established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Court to strike down unconstitutional laws.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Established implied powers and reinforced the supremacy clause, preventing states from taxing federal institutions.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Gave Congress broad authority over interstate commerce.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Established the principle of 'separate but equal,' permitting segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education

Overturned Plessy and ended school segregation, reinforcing equal protection under the law.

Loving v. Virginia

Struck down bans on interracial marriage nationwide, upholding equal protection and due process.

Engel v. Vitale

Declared that state-sponsored prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause.

Tinker v. Des Moines

Affirmed that students retain free speech rights while at school.

New York Times v. United States

Protected press freedom by ruling against prior restraint, requiring heavy justification for government censorship.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Established the right to counsel, requiring states to provide attorneys to defendants who cannot afford one.

Miranda v. Arizona

Required police to issue Miranda warnings before interrogation to protect against self-incrimination.

Mapp v. Ohio

Established the exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in state trials.

Roe v. Wade

Recognized a federal right to privacy in abortion, historically significant despite being overturned.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

Allowed some regulation of abortion while protecting the core right until 2022.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination based on race, sex, religion, and national origin.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Protected voting rights by banning literacy tests and implementing federal oversight.

Fair Housing Act of 1968

Banned discrimination in housing.

Social Security Act (1935)

Created benefits for retirement, unemployment insurance, and welfare programs.

War Powers Resolution (1973)

Limited the president's ability to send troops without congressional approval.

Freedom of Information Act (1966)

Increased public access to federal government records.

Affordable Care Act (2010)

Expanded access to healthcare and implemented major insurance reforms.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Declared enslaved people in Confederate states free, changing the Civil War's goals.

Executive Order 9066 (1942)

Authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

Executive Order 9981 (1948)

Desegregated the U.S. military.

Executive Order 10730 (1957)

Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock to enforce school desegregation.