FCLE FLASHCARDS

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FCLE FLASHCARDS — LANDMARK SUPREME COURT CASES

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Principle: Judicial Review

Impact: Established the Court’s power to strike down unconstitutional laws.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Principle: Implied Powers; Supremacy Clause

Impact: Expanded federal power; states cannot tax federal institutions.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Principle: Commerce Clause

Impact: Gave Congress broad power over interstate commerce.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Principle: Equal Protection (14th Amendment)

Impact: Allowed segregation under “separate but equal.”

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Principle: Equal Protection

Impact: Ended school segregation; overturned Plessy.

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

Principle: Equal Protection & Due Process

Impact: Struck down interracial marriage bans nationwide.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Principle: Establishment Clause

Impact: No state-sponsored prayer in public schools.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Principle: First Amendment—Student Speech

Impact: Students retain free speech rights at school.

New York Times v. United States (1971)

Principle: Prior Restraint

Impact: Protected press freedom; government can’t block publication without heavy justification.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Principle: Right to Counsel

Impact: States must provide attorneys to defendants who can’t afford one.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Principle: Self-Incrimination (5th Amendment)

Impact: Police must give Miranda warnings before interrogation.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Principle: Exclusionary Rule

Impact: Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in state trials.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Principle: Right to Privacy

Impact: Recognized federal protection for abortion (historically important even though overturned).

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

Principle: Due Process; Undue Burden

Impact: Allowed some abortion regulation but protected core right until 2022.

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FCLE FLASHCARDS — LANDMARK LEGISLATION

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Impact: Banned discrimination based on race, sex, religion, and national origin.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Impact: Protected voting rights; banned literacy tests; federal oversight of discriminatory states.

Fair Housing Act of 1968

Impact: Banned housing discrimination.

Social Security Act (1935)

Impact: Created retirement benefits, unemployment insurance, and welfare programs.

War Powers Resolution (1973)

Impact: Limited the president’s ability to send troops without congressional approval.

Freedom of Information Act (1966)

Impact: Allows public access to federal government records.

Affordable Care Act (2010)

Impact: Expanded healthcare access; insurance reforms; coverage protections.

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FCLE FLASHCARDS — LANDMARK EXECUTIVE ACTIONS

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Impact: Declared enslaved people in Confederate states free; shifted Civil War goals.

Executive Order 9066 (1942)

Impact: Authorized Japanese American internment during WWII.

Executive Order 9981 (1948)

Impact: Desegregated the U.S. military.

Executive Order 10730 (1957)

Impact: Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce school desegregation in Little Rock.