Chemistry - Topic 10 Organic Chemistry

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Homologous series

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23 Terms

1

Homologous series

A family of compounds that differs only by the length of its hydrocarbon chain. Members share a general formula and chemical properties.

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2

Melting/boiling points in a homologous series

increase going down the series or as LDF increases

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3

empirical formula

The simplest ratio of elements in a compound.

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4

molecular formula

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.

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5

structural formula

A formula that shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

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6

condensed formula

A formula that shows the connectivity of atoms in a molecule, but does not show all the bonds.

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7

skeletal formula

A simplified way of representing organic molecules by using lines to represent carbon-carbon bonds and omitting carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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8

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

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9

Saturated compound

have single bonds

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10

Unsaturated compound

have double/triple bonds

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11

Cycloalkanes

Ring structures that contain only single bonds (C-C).

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12

Arenes

Ring structures consisting of alternating double bonds (C=C).

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13

Benzene - Kekule Structures

knowt flashcard image
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14

Radicals

Species with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive.

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15

Alkenes + Hydrogen

product = alkane; heat + nickel catalyst needed

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16

Alkenes + Hydrogen halides

product = halogenoalkanes; no required conditions

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17

Alkenes + Water

product = alcohol; steam + sulphuric acid catalyst

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18

Polymerisation

Under certain conditions, alkene molecules can add to each other to form polymers.

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19

Alcohols as Fuels

Alcohols combust more than alkanes but release less energy.

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20

Oxidation of Alcohol

Alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes or carboxylic acids, depending on the conditions and the type of alcohol.

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21

Alcohol Oxidation Agent

Potassium dichromate

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22

Nucleophilic Substitution

A reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in a molecule. Halogenoalkanes can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions.

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23

Ester

A compound formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

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