UI II FINAL EXAM

technical meaning of khalifah

إِنِّى جَاعِلٌ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ خَلِيفَةً

1. the vicegerency of prophet Adam AS (Qurtubi)

2. the vicegerency of man on the earth (Tabari)

3. khalaif

distincive features of human vicegerency

1. divine appointment

2. divine honour

3. deprivation of vicegerency to other creatures

4. subservience of all creatures to men (tashkir)

quranic verses on distinctive features of human vicegerency

1.& 2. وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى جَعَلَكُمْ خَلَٰٓئِفَ ٱلْأَرْضِ وَرَفَعَ بَعْضَكُمْ فَوْقَ بَعْضٍ دَرَجَٰتٍ

3.إِنَّا عَرَضْنَا ٱلْأَمَانَةَ عَلَى ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ وَٱلْجِبَالِ فَأَبَيْنَ أَن يَحْمِلْنَهَا وَأَشْفَقْنَ مِنْهَا وَحَمَلَهَا ٱلْإِنسَٰنُ ۖ إِنَّهُۥ كَانَ ظَلُومًا جَهُولًا

4.وسخر لكم

classifications of khalifah

1. khalifah of khilafah al-’ammah

   refers to all mankind that succeed each other yet it also exclusively refers to the believing nation that succeeded the perished non-believers.

2. khalifah of khilafah al-khassah (khalifah in political institution)

   the duty of succeeding the work of the Prophet PBUH including the establishment of Islam as a religion (إقامة الدين) & the administration of worldly affairs in accordance with the islamic teachings (وسياسة الدنيا به).

responsibilities of khilafah al-’ammah

1. the implementation of allah’s will

2. the performance of ‘amal salih

3. the administration & development of the world

4. the promotion of goodness & prevention of vices

causes of the rise of islamic civilisation

1. tawhid

2. righteous deeds (‘amal salih)

3. realisation of virtues & elimination of vices

   duties of people

   protect the khilafah from corruption

   subjected to rise by Allah

4. cultivation of knowledge

   Islam never separates reason (‘aql) from revelation (wahy)

   e.g bayt al-hikmah

5. political freedom

   within the bound of its moral code

   justice & equality between the ruler & the ruled

   mutual consultation (shura)

   freedom of speech & expression

causes of the decline of islamic civilisation

1. abandonment of faith

   e.g secular, splitting religion & worldly matters

   وَلَا تَكُونُوا۟ كَٱلَّذِينَ نَسُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ فَأَنسَىٰهُمْ أَنفُسَهُمْ

   Allah said in the Qur’an: whoever forget Allah, Allah made them forget themselves

2. moral & ethical decay

   cause by excessive luxury

3. economic mismanagement & greediness

   cause by dishonesty & corruption

   وَلَا تَأْكُلُوٓا۟ أَمْوَٰلَكُم بَيْنَكُم بِٱلْبَٰطِلِ

4. injustice (zulm), oppression (tughyan) & corruption (fasad)

   لِيَقُومَ ٱلنَّاسُ بِٱلْقِسْطِ

5. lack of education & knowledge

   e.g fading of science & the neglect of technological advancements

   must use knowledege for the development & progress of civilisation

6. the closure of ijtihad

   cannot solve any problems

   lead to fanaticism (ta’sub) & blind-following (taqlid)

7. arrogance

   refuse to listen to the teachings of Allah’s messengers

   e.g ‘Ad & Iblis

significances of stories of past nations in the qur’an (qasas al-quran)

1. strengthen one’s Tawhid

   main message broughts by all prophets of Allah was tawhid

   وَمَآ أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ مِن رَّسُولٍ إِلَّا نُوحِىٓ إِلَيْهِ أَنَّهُۥ لَآ إِلَٰهَ إِلَّآ أَنَا۠ فَٱعْبُدُونِ

   e.g zulqarnayn

2. true stories of the past (al-haqq)

   ‏ نَّحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نَبَأَهُم بِٱلْحَقِّ

3. inspire human thinking (tafakkur)

   فَٱقْصُصِ ٱلْقَصَصَ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

4. understanding the lessons (‘ibrah)

   قَدْ كَانَ فِى قَصَصِهِمْ عِبْرَةٌ لِّأُو۟لِى ٱلْأَلْبَٰبِ

   past to present

5. form of motivation in human life (tathbit)

   وَكُلًّا نَّقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ مِنْ أَنۢبَآءِ ٱلرُّسُلِ مَا نُثَبِّتُ بِهِۦ فُؤَادَكَ

   highlight sunnatullah - similar path with the prophets will have to face hardship & difficulties

   Allah gave them strength & supported them due to their patience and faith in Allah

forms of monotheism

1. absolute monotheism

2. qualified monotheism

3. shared divinity monotheism

4. pantheistic monotheism / pantheism

absolute monotheism

a belief in one god a who is the sole creator, supreme. There are no associations or sharing of His divinity.

qualified monotheism

a belief in on god who may take various forms or expressions. God may incarnate in other forms.

shared divinity monotheism

a belief in one god who shares His divinity or bestows equal divinity to other gods

pantheistic monotheism

a belief in one creator-god who permeates or pervades all of creation.

characteristics of polytheistic tradition

1. specific functions

2. manifestations

3. multiple conciliation

islamic perspectives on humanism

1. human & god cannot be separated based on Tawhid

2. Allah do grants human with the faculty of intellect and freedom of choice but with limitations.

3. human are powerless, limited abilities in nature

4. human always have a constant battle with themselves to commit evil so they need a religion to guide them.

islamic perspectives on materialism

1. contrary with Tawhid, all six pillars of islam is metaphysical

2. revolted with the creator

3. decreased the balance of spiritual relationship between man & his Creator

4. contrary with the prophethood

muslims towards other religion

1. do good to other people regardless their religion

2. no compulsion in religion

   لَآ إِكْرَاهَ فِى ٱلدِّينِ

3. dont insult the false deities

   وَلَا تَسُبُّوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ فَيَسُبُّوا۟ ٱللَّهَ عَدْوَۢا بِغَيْرِ عِلْم

4. allow them to perform their ritual

   لكم دينكم ولي دين

5. do justice & good behaviour to those who did not fight muslims

   لَّا يَنْهَىٰكُمُ ٱللَّهُ عَنِ ٱلَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَٰتِلُوكُمْ فِى ٱلدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخْرِجُوكُم مِّن دِيَٰرِكُمْ أَن تَبَرُّوهُمْ وَتُقْسِطُوٓا۟ إِلَيْهِمْ

jews

shared divinity

christian

uni & tri - shared divinity

tri - qualified

sabians

shared divinity

complicated & snycretic

zorostrianism / magians

dualistic idea

shared divinity