Unit 8 - Motivation and Emotion

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46 Terms

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Achievement Motivation

striving to excel and outperform others

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Affect

the observable expression of a person's emotions, including their facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language

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Affiliation Motivation

balancing connectedness with psychological needs enhances well-being; ostracism (social exclusion) can cause emotional pain

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Approach-Approach Conflicts

choosing between two desirable outcomes; e.g. two appealing job offers

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Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

a single goals has both positive and negative aspects; e.g. a promotion with more responsibility

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Arousal Theory

Yerkes Dodson Law; people seek an optimal level of arousal; low=boredom (seek stimulation) and high=overstimulation (seek calm)

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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts

choosing between two undesirable outcomes; e.g. two unpleasant chores

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Blood Glucose

form of sugar that circulates in the blood and is a major source of energy

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Boredom Suseptibility

intolerance of repetitive or routine experiences

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Broaden and Build Theory

states that positive emotions broaden prospective, enabling growth and long-term resource building, while negative emotions narrow focus, directing energy toward immediate survival or problem-solving

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Cognitive Appraisal

the personal interpretation of a situation; how an individual views a situation

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Cognitive Label

the mental process of assigning a specific emotion to a physiological arousal state, based on one's interpretation of the situation

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Competence Motivation

striving to master skills and control outcomes

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Disinhibition

seeking release through social stimulation or risk-taking

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Display Rules

facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice, etc that are governed by cultural norms

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Drive-Reduction Theory

motivation arises from biological needs aiming to maintain homeostasis; primary (survival) and secondary drives (supporting primary)

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Experience Seeking

pursuit of new experiences; e.g. travel, art

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External Factors

influences that come from outside an individual and affect their behavior

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Extrinsic Motivation

performing tasks due to external reward or pressures; e.g. studying for a grade

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Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

emotional expression can lead to physical changes toed to emotion; muscular feedback from facial expression contribute to conscious experience; mimicking facial movements associated with an emotion can produce its corresponding emotional state

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Ghrelin

hunger hormone that strongly stimulates appetite and eating when there are increased levels of it in the brain

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Growth Mindset

a belief system where individuals see their abilities and intelligence as qualities that can be developed through effort, learning, and persistence

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Hierarchy of Needs

people are motivated to realize personal potential and growth; Abraham Harold Maslow

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Hormone

a chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands and influence various bodily functions and behaviors

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Insulin

hormone that regulates glucose

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Psychological Motives

the internal, often complex reasons why people behave in a certain way, driven by factors like personal needs, desires, beliefs, and goals

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Set Point Theory

long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure to keep the body at its healthy weight

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Homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions

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Hypothalamus

a small region of the brain that serves as the main control center for autonomic functions

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Incentive Theory

external stimuli (“pull factors”) drive behaviors; cannot fully explain altruism or compassion

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Instinct Theory

behavior is innate and evolved for survival, unlearned; e.g. fight or flight

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Internal Factors

personal attributes or characteristics within an individual that are considered to influence their behavior

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Intrinsic Motivation

engaging in tasks for inherent satisfaction or challenge; self-determination; e.g. learning

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Lateral Hypothalamus

“on switch” for hunger

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Leptin

regulate appetite and food intake when there are increased levels of it in the brain

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Negative Emotions

feelings like sadness, anger, fear, disgust, guilt, shame, anxiety, and frustration that can have detrimental effects

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Negative Energy Balance

calorie intake falls short of expenditure (weight loss)

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Optimal Level of Arousal

people seek stimulation when bored or calm when overstimulated to achieve this

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Orexin

produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus that tell the body to “eat more”

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Overjustification Effect

when receiving an external reward for something the person enjoys, it decreases the intrinsic motivation

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Positive Emotions

pleasant and desirable feelings like joy, love, gratitude, interest, contentment, pride, and hope

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Positive Energy Balance

calories intake exceeds expenditure (weight gain)

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Self-Determination Theory

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

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Sensation-Seeking Theory

desire for new sensations and experiences through the mind and senses

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Thrill and Adventure Seeking

activities like skydiving or racing

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Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“off switch” for hunger