AP Euro Unit 7

AP European History

Marxism

A theory of history and society developed by Karl Marx, emphasizing class struggle and advocating for a classless society through the overthrow of capitalism.

Nationalism

A political ideology prioritizing the interests and culture of a nation, often linked to the desire for self-determination.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist and revolutionary, key in the unification of Italy.

Balkans

A region in southeastern Europe, historically unstable and a source of tensions in Europe.

Pan-Slavism

A political ideology advocating for the unity of Slavic peoples across Europe, often linked to Russian influence.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice or discrimination against Jewish people.

Alfred Dreyfus

A French Jewish officer wrongfully convicted of treason, symbolizing anti-Semitism in France.

Triple Alliance

Military alliance formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between France, Russia, and the United Kingdom before World War I.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Regions in the Balkans annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908, escalating tensions before World War I.

Balkan Wars

Conflicts (1912-1913) among Balkan states and the Ottoman Empire, leading to territorial changes.

Balance of Power

A political theory in international relations aimed at preventing one nation from dominating others.

Congress of Vienna

A 1814-1815 diplomatic conference that redrew Europe’s political map after Napoleon's defeat.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian diplomat who led the Congress of Vienna and advocated for conservative principles.

Realpolitik

A pragmatic political approach focused on power and national interest over ideological beliefs.

Napoleon III

French emperor from 1852-1870, known for his role in modernizing France and his eventual downfall in the Franco-Prussian War.

Paris Commune

A short-lived socialist government in Paris in 1871 that was violently suppressed by the French government.

Crimean War

A 1853-1856 conflict between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire over control of territories.

Otto Von Bismarck

German Chancellor who unified Germany in 1871 through diplomacy and military strategy.

Georges-Eugène Haussmann

French urban planner responsible for modernizing Paris in the mid-19th century.

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

A political system established in 1867 where Austria and Hungary shared a monarch but maintained separate governments.

Anarchism

A political philosophy advocating for the abolition of the state and all forms of hierarchical authority.

Mikhail Bakunin

A Russian anarchist and revolutionary known for his radical anti-state ideas.

Georges Sorel

A French theorist who believed in the power of violent revolution to overthrow capitalist systems.

Alexander II

Tsar of Russia (1855-1881) known for emancipating the serfs but also for reversing some reforms after an assassination attempt.

Count Cavour

Italian statesman who helped unify Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel II.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist and military leader who played a key role in the unification of Italy.

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia and later the first king of a unified Italy.

Congress of Berlin of 1878

A diplomatic meeting that reorganized the Balkans after the Russo-Turkish War.

Pogrom

Violent attacks, particularly against Jewish communities, often involving destruction and killings.

Zionism

A movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, leading to the creation of Israel.

Age of Imperialism

The late 19th and early 20th-century period when European powers expanded their empires through colonization.

Sepoy Rebellion

An 1857 uprising in India against British rule, sparked by cultural and religious tensions.

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

A meeting where European powers divided Africa into colonies without regard for indigenous cultures or borders.

Fashoda Crisis

A 1898 standoff between Britain and France in Sudan over imperial interests, resolved without war.

Morocco

A North African country that became a point of contention between European powers, particularly France and Germany.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Chinese anti-foreign uprising, leading to military intervention by foreign powers.

Meiji Restoration

A period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan beginning in 1868.

Imperialist

Someone who supports or practices imperialism, expanding a country's power through colonization or military force.

Darwinism

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, explaining species’ development through survival and reproduction.

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin’s ideas to justify social inequality, imperialism, and racial hierarchies.

The White Man’s Burden

A concept that justified imperialism as a moral obligation to 'civilize' non-Western peoples.

Mission Civilisatrice

A French term for the supposed duty of Europeans to bring civilization to their colonies.

Heart of Darkness

A novella by Joseph Conrad critiquing European imperialism in Africa.

Paul Gauguin

A French post-Impressionist artist known for his bold use of color and depictions of Tahiti.

Pablo Picasso

A Spanish artist who co-founded Cubism and significantly influenced modern art.

Primitivism

An artistic movement that idealized primitive, non-Western cultures for their simplicity and authenticity.

Zulus

An ethnic group in Southern Africa, famous for their kingdom and military prowess under King Shaka Zulu.

Ethiopians

People from Ethiopia, an African nation that successfully resisted European colonization, notably at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

Sepoy

Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company.

Second Industrial Revolution

The phase of industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked by innovations in steel, electricity, and chemicals.

Suez Canal

A vital man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, facilitating international trade.

Romantic Period

An artistic and intellectual movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that emphasized emotion, individualism, and the sublime in nature.

Materialism

A philosophical belief that everything that exists is made of physical matter.

Physicalism

The belief that everything, including mental states, can be explained by physical processes.

Positivism

A philosophy that advocates for the use of the scientific method and empirical evidence as the basis of knowledge.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Modernism

An early 20th-century cultural movement that sought to break away from traditional forms and embrace new, experimental ideas.

Irrationalism

A philosophical stance that emphasizes the non-rational aspects of human experience, such as emotion and instinct.

Psychoanalysis

A therapeutic technique developed by Sigmund Freud to explore the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.

Quantum Theory

A branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at very small scales.

Modern Art

Art that challenges traditional forms and explores new techniques, themes, and media.

Impressionism

A late 19th-century art movement that focused on light, color, and capturing moments in time, often using loose brushstrokes.

Post-Impressionism

A movement that followed Impressionism, focusing on structure, color, and symbolism in art.

Expressionism

An art movement focused on representing emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Fauvism

A style of painting characterized by bold, vibrant colors, led by artists like Henri Matisse.

Cubism

An art movement pioneered by Picasso and Braque, focusing on abstracted geometric shapes and multiple perspectives.