HEED 101: HISTORY OF HOME ECONOMICS IN THE UNITED STATES

1. Early Education for Women

2. Application of Science to Problems at Home

3. Leadership in Home Economics

Three forces that lead to the development of home economics:

1. Founding of Schools

2. Disseminating of Literature

3. Legislating Federal Acts

Three pronged approach on the development of home economics:

Francis de Laval (1668)

agricultural education, French and Indian

first bishop in Canada who established ___ on the North American continent with a farm school in south-eastern Canada. The school was for ___ boys.

Ursuline Convent in Quebec (end of the 17th Century)

household tasks (spinning and weaving)

taught and assigned ___ (___) to girls.

Mary Anna Longstretch School in Philadelphia (1826)

making of sewing models

taught ____ to Quaker children.

Emma Willard

Female Seminary, housewifery course

founded ___ in Troy, New York, offering a “___” to young ladies.

Mount Holyoke College (1837)

Mary Lyon, household tasks

founded by ___ in Massachusetts, which taught ___.

Mount Holyoke College (1837)

domestic duties

Announced that students would assist with certain ___ because it was difficult to find domestic help.

Elmira College (1855)

Required young women to take work in domestic science and general household affairs, “the severe tasks to be done by domestics”

1. 1855 – Elmira College (Required young women to take work in domestic science and general household affairs,

“the severe tasks to be done by domestics”)

2. 1862 – Iowa State College

3. 1862 – Kansas State Agricultural College

4. 1862 – Illinois Industrial University

5. 1865 – Vassar College

6. 1877 – La Salle Seminary (Massachusetts)

7. 1890 – Oregon State College

8. 1890 – South Dakota State College

9. 1990s – Monticello Female Seminary (Illinois)

Colleges and Universities that started teaching household tasks

Mount Holyoke Plan (1869)

two hours a day

required each woman student to work ___ in the dining room, pantry or kitchen.

Juliet Corson (1874)

cooking department

opened and directed the ___ at the Free Training School for Women in New York.

New York Cooking School (1876)

cooking lessons

facilitated ___ to working mothers and wives of working men.

Maria Parloa

stressed the importance of cooking schools in forwarding home economics.

Maria Parloa

1876 - gave her first public lecture on cookery in New London, Connecticut.

Maria Parloa

May, 1877 - gave her first lecture on cookery in Boston.

Maria Parloa

October, 1877 - opened a cooking school on Tremont Street

Maria Parloa

1879 - gave lectures and demonstrations at the Boston Cooking School, the first incorporated cooking school in America.

Kitchen Garden Movement (1880)

household arts

established for teaching ___ in the form of play to children.

Boston Normal School of Cookery (1887)

domestic science

Established for training teachers ___

Boston Normal School of Cookery (1887)

household department

It established a ___ (consumer science) offering courses in nutrition, food, dietetics and clothing and textiles

New England Kitchen

alternative meals, nutritional requirements

provided ___ for working men to meet ___ while given a budget.

Rumford Kitchen (1893)

New England Kitchen’s aim, weight and composition

developed because the ___ failed. This center served lunches that listed the ___ and ___ of each dish in the meal.

Rumford Kitchen (1893)

2 months

opened for ___ only, but it lead to the serving of school lunches in Boston.

Alladin Oven

Mr. Edward Atkinson, long and slow cooking

developed by ___, a fireless cooker that aimed to cook foods that require ___ at low temperatures.

John R. Young (1803)

sugar, gum, beans, and wheat.

studies the digestibility of ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Dr. William Beaumont (1825)

gastric juices

studied the effects of ___ of the stomach on food.

Dr. Caleb Ticknor (1829)

diet, dress and amusement

wrote a paper about the influence of ___, ___, and ___ on health

Catharine Beecher (1841)

Catharine Beecher (1841)

Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home, responsibilities and challenges, Domestic Receipt Book

wrote “___” one of the few cherished classics among home economics literature. It is about ___ and ___ of American women, and challenges of mothers and wives related to poor health, poor domestics, and defective domestic education. She also wrote “___”

R. S. Gould (1852)

food

presented a report on ___ for alms houses, prisons and hospitals

Edward L. Youmans (1857)

published “Handbook of Household Science”

Morrill Land Grant (1862)

portion of public lands

provided grant to each state a ___. It enabled the founding of one or more colleges in each state where there would be taught especially the agricultural and mechanical arts.

Hatch Bill (1887)

provided the creation of Agricultural experiment stations.

1. to give household science a place in the examination for college entrance

2. to study the economic and social problems of home and the problems of right living

Two major objectives of the Lake Placid Conferences

1st Lake Placid Conference (1899)

held with 11 members

1st Lake Placid Conference (1899)

domestic economy, domestic science, home economics

suggested terminology for home economics:

o Elementary level – ___

o High school – ___

o College – ___

1st Lake Placid Conference (1899)

Formed committees:

o Course of Study for Public Schools and the Training of Teachers

o Course of Study in Colleges and Universities

o Simplified Methods of Housekeeping

o Mission Work and Kitchen Garden Classes

o Classification of HE According to Library Methods

o Program and Membership for 1900

2nd Lake Placid Conference (1900)

held with 30 members

2nd Lake Placid Conference (1900)

Louisa M. Alcott Club

featured the ___, a venture in learning by doing.

2nd Lake Placid Conference (1900)

Nomenclature, Standards of Living, Syllabus on Home Economics

formed new committees (3)

2nd Lake Placid Conference (1900)

o domestic science or household economics,

o personal hygiene

o sanitation

o nursing

o bacteriology

o domestic architecture

the committee on courses of study related to home economics (HE) reported the HE courses that have been instituted in 89 institutions:

2nd Lake Placid Conference (1900)

Emma S. Jacobs of Washington DC

Abby L. Marlatt

Mrs. Melvil Dewey

the committee on public school courses reported the following:

2nd Lake Placid Conference (1900)

Emma S. Jacobs of Washington, D.C.

cooking department in the Washington Public Schools

2nd Lake Placid Conference (1900)

Abby L. Marlatt

domestic science course in Manual Training High School of Providence, Rhode Island

2nd Lake Placid Conference (1900)

Mrs. Melvil Dewey

tentative classification of home economics subjects for library classifications

3rd Lake Placid Conference (1901)

Alice Ravenhill, Teacher, Training Courses in Practical Hygiene

___ of Yorkshire, England reported about the Syllabus on “___”

3rd Lake Placid Conference (1901)

Problems raised during the meeting:

o How to convince the farm woman that the college trained home economist has something to offer to lighten her work and add more pleasure to it

o How to make library facilities available in every community

o How to house and train children confined to orphanages

o How to present the fundamentals of foods, housekeeping and clothing to people of varying standards of living and backgrounds

o How to use courses in journalism to spread knowledge and interest in home economics work

o How to insert home economics training in the elementary school without overcrowding

o What home economics training to offer to high school students

o What equipment to buy and how to secure necessary funds

4th Lake Placid Conference (1902)

Home economics… is the study of laws, conditions, principles, and ideals which are concerned on the one hand with man’s immediate physical environment and on the other with his nature as a social being and is the study especially of the relation between these two factors.

a tentative definition was agreed upon:

4th Lake Placid Conference (1902)

Study

Laws

Condition

Principles

Ideals

Immediate physical environment

Breakdown of definition:

▪ ___ – analysis; examining; remembering

▪ ___ – social contracts agreements

▪ ___ – empirical data; how things really are

▪ ___ – explanatory rules that predict or show relationships

▪ ___ – goals, hopes, norms, the way things ought to be

▪ ___ – air, water, shelter, processes involved in home production and consumption

4th Lake Placid Conference (1902)

sanitary chemistry, personal hygiene, sanitation and household bacteriology

hygiene

domestic science

“Household Technology”, “Sanitary Chemistry and Biology” and “Domestic Engineering”

the committee on HE in colleges and universities reported that courses have been instituted in several universities:

o Women’s Colleges – courses in ___, ___, ___, and ___

o State Universities – course in ___.

o State Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges – course in ___

o Co-educational Institutions – courses in ___, ___, and ___

5th Lake Placid Conference (1903)

July 4,1903

held on ___ at Simmons College

5th Lake Placid Conference (1903)

National Education Association

held joint meetings with the ___, the largest labor union and professional interest group in the U.S.

5th Lake Placid Conference (1903)

Contributions of the College Woman to Home Economics

featured the Mary Lowell Stone Exhibit, which was entitled “___”

5th Lake Placid Conference (1903)

Sarah Arnold, Training and Certification of Teachers in Home Economics

o knows not only the subject but also her pupils

o knows life not only based from books but also from human experiences

o knows not only how to work with hands but also with her mind

o has a broad liberal education

___ of Simmons College reported her paper on “___,” which described a successful HE teacher:

5th Lake Placid Conference (1903)

Mary Hinman Abel

o labor problems

o training and wages

o importance of homemakers

___ emphasized in her report concerns related to household workers:

5th Lake Placid Conference (1903)

Mrs. Lewis K. Morse, Household Aid Company

___ reported that ___, an employment bureau, will soon be opened in Boston at that time.

5th Lake Placid Conference (1903)

Mrs. Margaret Stannard, Department of Homemaking

___ reported that ___ was opened in Garland Kindergarten Training School.

6th Lake Placid Conference (September, 1904)

Helen Kinne

___ presented “Household Art as Handwork”

6th Lake Placid Conference (September, 1904)

Domestic Science as a Social Factor

Alice P. Norton presented “___”

6th Lake Placid Conference (September, 1904)

HE teachers reported on the works being done in their respective colleges:

o Alice P. Norton – University of Chicago

o Caroline L. Hunt – University of Wisconsin

o Isabel Bevier – University of Illinois

o Anna Gilchrist – University of Tennessee

6th Lake Placid Conference (September, 1904)

Helen Kinne, inclusion of HE curricula

___ also reported on the importance of ___ in increasing number of high schools.

6th Lake Placid Conference (September, 1904)

Maria Daniell

o Women’s club in Texas increased library facilities

o Organization of kidergarten and mother’s clubs

___ reported about the development of HE in non-school settings:

6th Lake Placid Conference (September, 1904)

handwork

domestic science

euthenics

home economics

new HE terms were adopted:

o Elementary level – ___

o Secondary level – ___

o Colleges and universities – ___ (study of human functioning and well-being by improving living conditions)

o Professional schools – ___

6th Lake Placid Conference (September, 1904)

Handwork for Girls

new committee was formed: Study of ___ at the Elementary and Secondary Levels

7th Lake Placid Conference (June 1905)

9th Lake Placid Conference (July 1907)

held at the Lake Placid Clubhouse

7th Lake Placid Conference (June 1905)

Trends in the public schools

Trends in trade schools

Organization in rural schools

Part in social settlement

Advancement in higher institutions

featured the expansion of HE in different schools:

o ___ (basic ed)

o ___ (skills based)

o ___ (small population size, geographical isolation)

o ___ (social reform institutions for educating mountain children and improving isolated rural communities)

o ___

7th Lake Placid Conference (June 1905)

American School of Household Economics

An increase in enrolment was reported as a progress in the ___.

7th Lake Placid Conference (June 1905)

Dr. Charles F. Langworthy, divisions of the government

___ reported on the contributions of different ___ in forwarding the progress of home economics.

8th Lake Placid Conference (September 1906)

courses of study, home economics subjects

featured the presentation of ___ and papers on ___

8th Lake Placid Conference (September 1906)

Trade Schools, American Schools of Household Economics

An increase in enrolment in ___ and ___ was reported.

8th Lake Placid Conference (September 1906)

Dr. Langworthy, $5,000.00, publication of HE literature

___ and ___ of the Dept. of Agriculture reported that there was an additional ___ appropriation for ___.

9th Lake Placid Conference (July 1907)

Alice Ravenhill, England

___ reported on behalf of the committee on higher education that HE had started to be offered in ___

9th Lake Placid Conference (July 1907)

status of HE teacher training, four years of high school work

Teachers reported on the ___; that teachers in normal schools and agricultural colleges had to finish ___.

9th Lake Placid Conference (July 1907)

courses related to science work

The teachers also reported that during HE teacher training in state universities, teachers should take ___.

10th Lake Placid Conference (July 1908)

held at Chautauqua, New York.

10th Lake Placid Conference (July 1908)

Mrs. A.M. Hotchkin, school lunchrooms

___ reported that ___ are important in junior and senior high schools.

10th Lake Placid Conference (July 1908)

Helen Kinne

o Agreement of teachers upon division of subject matter between elementary and secondary schools

o Differentiation of the training teachers in the elementary schools, the secondary schools and the higher institutions

___ of Teachers College reported two focuses of the teaching section:

10th Lake Placid Conference (July 1908)

Mr. Dewey

large national organization, monthly or quarterly

general welfare and environment

develop mechanical devices, lighten housework

eliminating the needless waste, producer and consumer

Suggestions of ___ for the future of HE:

o A ___ be formed with a ___ or ___ publication

o The field be expanded to cover all that pertains to the ___ and ___ of the home

o Home economics cooperate to ___ to ___

o Home economists participate in ___ between ___ and ___.

American Home Economics Association (AHEA)

International Federation for Home Economics (IFHE)

HE Organizations (Lake Placid Conferences)

American Home Economics Association (AHEA)

Dec. 31, 1908

a national organization for HE that was founded on ___ after the Lake Placid Conferences

AHEA Journal

publication to disseminate information on the advances made in the home economics field

International Federation for Home Economics (IFHE)

1908

the only worldwide organization founded on ___ in Switzerland, which is concerned with HE and Consumer Studies, and serves as a platform for international exchange within the field of HE

Objectives of IFHE

o to promote of recognition of HE in everyday life and

o to promote of continuing education in HE

o to provide opportunities that lead to improving the quality of everyday life for individuals, families and households worldwide, through practice, research, and professional sharing

Home Economics News

official publication material of IFHE

Domestic Art (1911)

replaced the term “___” to include costume design, dressmaking, embroidery, and interior decoration

Practice Houses (1921)

Federal Board of Education

established in consideration to the outlines for study in child care and welfare that the ___ offered

Practice Houses (1921)

later on called the home management houses

Practice Houses (1921)

Oregon Agricultural College, the University of Minnesota, Cornell University and several other colleges had babies in the “practice house”

Iowa State College and Michigan State College (1939)

had the highest number of HE major students

Euthenics (1910)

Conservation by Sanitation: Air and Water Supply, Disposal of Waste, Including a Laboratory Guide for Sanitary Engineers (1911)

Ellen Richards published two books

Consumer Speaks (1945)

a nation-wide project conducted by AHEA, which surveyed what consumers want of the goods they purchase

Smith-Lever Act (1914)

appropriated a certain sum for carrying on extension work in home economics and agriculture

State Relations Service (1915)

started a nutrition program in nutrition investigation, clothing studies, and labor and equipment in the home

Office of Home Economics

Dr. Langworthy

a government office that was instituted under the U.S. Bureau of Education, with ___ as head

Smith-Hughes Act (February 23, 1917)

promoted vocational education in agriculture, home economics and trades

National Vocational Education

paved way for home economics to become permanent in education

Bureau of Home Economics (July 1, 1923)

established on under the Department of Agriculture

Purnell Bill (1925)

authorized a more complex endowment for agriculture experiment stations, and provided funds for research in Agriculture and Home Economics

George-Reed Act (1929)

increased federal support of vocational education, and guaranteed future funding