War and Ultranationalism Review with answer key.docx

Weltpolitik

Germany's foreign policy strategy under Kaiser Wilhelm II aimed at transforming Germany into a global power through naval expansion, colonialism, and a strong international presence.

Triple Alliance

Pre-World War I alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, later joined by Turkey, brought together by the "Dual Alliance."

Triple Entente

Pre-World War I alliance comprising Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy and the US, formed through the "Entente Cordial" and other agreements.

M.A.N.I.A

Acronym representing the causes of World War I - Militarization, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassination.

Nationalism

Strong pride in one's country, reflected in anthems, politics, and ethnocentrism, leading to desires for power and territorial gains.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force, involving competition for colonies with raw materials and strategic importance.

Assassination

The act of killing Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, sparking World War I.

Propaganda

Information used to influence public opinion, often through techniques like name-calling, emotional appeals, and demonization of the enemy.

Western Front

Characterized by difficult battles, trenches, and barbed wire, stretching 475 miles from Germany to France during World War I.

Glorification of Heroism

Challenging the false notion of dying for one's country as noble, as depicted in Wilfred Owen's poem "Dulce et Decorum Est."

Dehumanization of the Enemy

Using language to distance soldiers from adversaries, making it easier to kill, seen in various wars including Vietnam and the Global War on Terror.

Canada's Response to the War

French Canadians' complex reactions to World War I, initially supporting the war effort but opposing conscription due to distant imperial conflict perceptions.

Italia Irredenta

Refers to "unredeemed Italy," territories adjoining Italy on the north and northeast, occupied by Italians at some point but ruled by foreign governments, particularly Austria.

Treaty of Versailles

Signed in 1919, imposed terms on Germany post-World War I, including demilitarization, territorial concessions, and war guilt clause.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President whose foreign policy post-World War I focused on diplomacy, neutrality, and the League of Nations.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Outlined during World War I, proposed postwar peace settlement including open diplomacy, self-determination, and a League of Nations.

Foreign Policy Examples

Mutual deterrence, armed intervention, international sanctions, and multilateral disarmament are strategies nations use to interact with others.

Locarno Pact 1925

Agreements among European nations ensuring peace in western Europe and inviolability of certain frontiers.

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

Also known as the Pact of Paris, aimed to renounce war as a national policy instrument and settle disputes peacefully.

Holodomor famine 1932-33

Man-made famine in Ukraine due to Stalin's collectivization policies, leading to mass starvation and millions of deaths.

Russia and Industrialization 1929-34

Soviet Union's industrialization drive focused on heavy industry, giant projects, and ambitious growth targets under Stalin.

Axis and Allied Powers

During World War II, Axis powers included Germany, Italy, and Japan, while the Allies were led by Great Britain, the U.S., and the Soviet Union.

Lebensraum

In Nazi ideology, the expansion of Germany to the east to establish unity between the German people (Volk) and the land (the Nazi concept of “Blood and Soil”).

Anschluss

The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany on March 11–13, 1938, demonstrating Nazi disdain for the post-World War I European order.

Sudetenland Crisis

In 1938, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia surrender the Sudetenland to Germany, leading to the Munich Agreement allowing Germany to annex the region without military conflict.

Appeasement

A diplomatic strategy to avoid war by making concessions to an aggressive foreign power, exemplified by Neville Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler's Germany in the 1930s.

Collective Security

A multilateral security arrangement where states collectively respond to an attack on one state, as seen in the League of Nations and the United Nations, facing challenges in practice.

Manchurian Crisis

Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, revealing the League of Nations' weakness, powerful nations escaping accountability, and contributing to the path to World War II.

Annexation

The forcible acquisition of territory by one state from another, exemplified by Hitler's annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

Confrontation

Direct opposition or resistance to an aggressive action or policy, contrasting with the policy of appeasement towards expansionist powers.

Demilitarization

Reducing or eliminating military forces in a specific area to promote peace and prevent conflict, as seen in the Rhineland after World War I.

Ultranationalism

Extreme nationalism involving a belief in the inherent greatness of one's own nation, often leading to disdain for other nations or cultures and justifying aggressive actions.

WWII

Ideological conflicts (fascism vs. democracy), global participation, and significant battles across multiple continents.

Reasons for the use of atomic bomb

Saving American lives, quick end to the war, diplomatic gains, hatred, and revenge.

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people based on ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race.

5 acts of genocide defined by the United Nations Genocide Conventions

Killing members of the group, imposing measures to prevent births, forcibly transferring children, causing serious bodily or mental harm, deliberately inflicting conditions of life.

8 stages of genocide

Classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, denial.

UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

International treaty criminalizing genocide and obligating state parties to enforce the prohibition against genocide.

Economic internationalism

Policy of actively engaging in economic interactions with other nations.

Multilateralism

Diplomatic interactions involving three or more states based on international norms and cooperation.

Isolationism

National policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries.

Bilateralism

Direct engagement between two states for agreements or treaties.

Supranationalism

Pooling sovereignty by participating in supranational organizations.

Unilateralism

Pursuing foreign policy independently without adhering to international institutions.

Humanitarian intervention

Use of military force in a state without its approval to achieve socioeconomic objectives for the benefit of civilians.

International organizations

Formal or informal groups of multiple countries formed to achieve specific goals or address common issues.

Goals and functions of the WHO

Promoting health, ensuring universal health coverage, protecting from health emergencies, and improving health and well-being.

Collective security

Cooperation among states to address threats to international peace and security.

Civil Wars

Darfur Conflict, Rwandan Civil War, Yugoslav Wars, Myanmar conflict.

Syrian Civil War

Conflict that began during the Arab Spring and escalated into a devastating civil war involving multiple factions like government forces and rebel groups.

Peacemakers

Individuals striving to create peace by engaging in conflict resolution, mediation, and reconciliation efforts.

UN Peacekeeping Operations

Guided by principles including consent of parties, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate.

Kyoto Protocol Critics

Highlight concerns about insufficient ambition, cost-benefit analysis, alternative approaches, base year controversy, and critiques by climate scientist James Hansen.

NGOs

Non-governmental organizations providing essential services like medical care, assistance during outbreaks, addressing hunger, and promoting clean water and sanitation.

Internationalism vs

Internationalism advocates cooperation among states, while sovereignty refers to a state's supreme authority; international law reflects state sovereignty through consent but may favor powerful states.

Balkan Crisis

Heightened nationalism in southeastern Europe led to the First Balkan War (1912) and the Second Balkan War (1913), fueled by resistance against the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires.

Italia Irredenta

Movement seeking to bring culturally Italian territories under Italian rule, influencing Italy's entry into World War I in 1915.

Nationalism and World War I

Nationalistic fervor exacerbated rivalries, militarization, and distrust, contributing to the outbreak of World War I.

National Interests

Reasons nations pursue national interests include survival, security, economic growth, power, and maintaining citizens' quality of life.

Foreign Policy

A nation's set of goals outlining its interactions with other countries, reflecting its national interests.

Domestic Policy vs

Domestic policy guides decisions within a country, while foreign policy guides official relations with other countries.

Durham Report

Recommended unification of Upper and Lower Canada and paved the way for responsible government in British North America.

FLQ Crisis

Chain of events in 1970 involving the Front de libération du Québec, leading to the invocation of the War Measures Act by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.

National Energy Program (NEP)

Policy in the 1980s capping the price of Albertan oil, facing opposition and contributing to tensions between Alberta and central Canada.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1918 treaty marking Russia's withdrawal from World War I, resulting in significant territorial losses.

Schlieffen Plan

German strategy to swiftly defeat France while Russia mobilized, highlighting the complexities of war and strategic challenges.

U.S

Events like the sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmermann Telegram, and submarine attacks led to the U.S. declaration of war on Germany in 1917.

Battle of Vimy Ridge

Significant Canadian victory during WWI, symbolizing national pride and awareness.

Quebecois Sovereigntists

Group causing riots and kidnappings in Canada

Conscription

Mandatory military service introduced by Canada during WW1

Mohawk Tribe Protest

Resistance against building a golf course on traditional lands

United States Invasion

Attempted invasion of Canada from the south

National Energy Program

Policy capping the price on Albertan Oil in the 1980s

Causes of WW1

Great Depression, Nationalism, Alliances, Militarism

German Nationalism

Desire for power and respect leading into WW1

Gavrilo Princip

Assassinated Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

Treaty of Versailles

Terms included army limits, war guilt, and colony loss for Germany

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Ended Russia's participation in WW1

Schlieffen Plan Failure

Reasons include outdated strategy and French mobilization

American Entry to WW1

Events - sinking of Lusitania and Zimmerman Telegram

Vimy Ridge

Battle contributing to Canadian National Identity

Russian Exit from WW1

Due to the Communist Revolution

League of Nations

Created by Woodrow Wilson

Wilson's 14 Points

Aimed to ensure long-lasting world peace

League of Nations Membership

Excluded major superpower - The United States

Propaganda Technique

Name Calling

Propaganda Technique

Bandwagoning