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Cell Theory
The theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the smallest living units of organisms, and new cells arise only from existing cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells that have membrane-bound organelles, including a true nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cells
Simpler, smaller cells without a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.
Hierarchical Categorization of Life
A system that classifies life into levels, from cells to organisms to populations.
Selective Permeability
The property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.
Endosymbiotic Theory
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells that entered into a symbiotic relationship with a host cell.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
A measure that describes how the size of a cell affects its efficiency in exchanging materials with its environment.
Organelles
Small structures within a cell that perform specific functions necessary for cell life.
Nucleus
The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and coordinates activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
Mitochondria
Organelles that are the powerhouses of the cell, converting chemical energy from food into ATP.
Chloroplasts
Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy.
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like substance within a cell that contains organelles and is the site for many metabolic activities.
Plasma Membrane
The outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Ribosomes
Molecular machines that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.
Endomembrane System
A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that function in the synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids.
Cell Wall
A rigid layer that provides structural support and protection to plant cells.
Vesicles
Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Lysosomes
Organelles containing enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A type of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on its surface, involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies certain chemicals.
Chromatin
A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus.
Nucleolus
A dense structure within the nucleus responsible for ribosome assembly.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that provides structural support and facilitates movement within the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
An extensive network of membranes involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.
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