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Motivation
Goal-directed behavior driven by needs, wants, interests, and desires.
Homeostasis
A state of physiological equilibrium or stability.
Drive
An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce this tension.
Incentive
An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior.
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
Glucostats
Neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid.
Obesity
The condition of being overweight.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared (kg/m²).
Set-Point Theory
The body monitors fat-cell levels to keep weight fairly stable.
Settling-Point Theory
Weight tends to drift around the level at which the factors determining food consumption and energy expenditure achieve equilibrium.
Estrogens
The principal class of gonadal hormones in females.
Androgens
The principal class of gonadal hormones in males.
Parental Investment
What each sex has to invest—in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities—to produce and nurture offspring.
Sexual Orientation
A person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, or either sex.
Heterosexuals
Individuals who seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other sex.
Bisexuals
Individuals who seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of either sex.
Homosexuals
Individuals who seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the same sex.
Vasocongestion
The engorgement of blood vessels.
Refractory Period
A time following orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation.
Achievement Motive
The need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence.
Emotion
A subjective conscious experience (the cognitive component) accompanied by bodily arousal (the physiological component) and characteristic overt expressions (the behavioral component).
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
An increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity.
Polygraph
A device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned.
Display Rules
Norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions.
Subjective Well-Being
Individuals' personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction.
Hedonic Adaptation
The phenomenon where the mental scale people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison, changes.
Argument
One or more premises used to provide support for a conclusion.
