ch10 psych

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27 Terms

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Motivation

Goal-directed behavior driven by needs, wants, interests, and desires.

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Homeostasis

A state of physiological equilibrium or stability.

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Drive

An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce this tension.

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Incentive

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior.

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Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

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Glucostats

Neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid.

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Obesity

The condition of being overweight.

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

Weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared (kg/m²).

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Set-Point Theory

The body monitors fat-cell levels to keep weight fairly stable.

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Settling-Point Theory

Weight tends to drift around the level at which the factors determining food consumption and energy expenditure achieve equilibrium.

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Estrogens

The principal class of gonadal hormones in females.

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Androgens

The principal class of gonadal hormones in males.

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Parental Investment

What each sex has to invest—in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities—to produce and nurture offspring.

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Sexual Orientation

A person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, or either sex.

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Heterosexuals

Individuals who seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other sex.

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Bisexuals

Individuals who seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of either sex.

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Homosexuals

Individuals who seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the same sex.

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Vasocongestion

The engorgement of blood vessels.

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Refractory Period

A time following orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation.

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Achievement Motive

The need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence.

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Emotion

A subjective conscious experience (the cognitive component) accompanied by bodily arousal (the physiological component) and characteristic overt expressions (the behavioral component).

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Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

An increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity.

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Polygraph

A device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned.

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Display Rules

Norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions.

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Subjective Well-Being

Individuals' personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction.

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Hedonic Adaptation

The phenomenon where the mental scale people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison, changes.

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Argument

One or more premises used to provide support for a conclusion.