AP World: Chapter 6 Textbook Reading

What was the primary aim of Vasco da Gama's voyage to Asia?

To acquire spices and establish a new trading hub, while seeking Prester John.

How did the Portuguese establish control over the Indian Ocean?

By equipping ships with cannons to overpower local navies and establishing fortified trading posts.

What was the Cartaz?

A tax imposed by the Portuguese on merchant vessels to control trade in the Indian Ocean.

Name two key trading ports established by the Portuguese.

Goa (India) and Malacca (Southeast Asia).

What was the outcome of the Portuguese trading post empire?

They controlled about half of the European spice trade but faced resistance and eventually assimilated into local societies.

What motivated Spain to conquer the Philippines?

To challenge Portugal's claim to Asian lands and access the Spice Islands.

What was Manila's significance in colonial Philippines?

It became the new capital and a diverse city with Spanish, Filipino, Chinese, and Japanese populations.

How did the East India Companies influence trade in the Indian Ocean?

By monopolizing trade and establishing trading post empires through government charters.

What goods did the Dutch East India Company primarily pursue?

Cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace.

What was the impact of the Dutch on local economies in Indonesia?

They destroyed native economies and replaced local populations with Dutch farmers.

How did the Mughals, Chinese, and Japanese maintain their trade despite European presence?

By controlling their own trade networks and limiting European influence.

What was the 'Silver Drain' in China?

The large demand for silver that led to many Chinese selling goods for silver payments.

What was the significance of the Piece of Eight?

It was a Spanish coin widely used by merchants across various regions, including North America and Asia.

What was the impact of silver mining in Bolivia?

It attracted thousands of people but resulted in harsh working conditions and high mortality rates among Native peoples.

How did women participate in the economic transformations during this period?

Some women rented buildings for profit or worked as storekeepers and bakers.

What was the role of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan's trade?

They closed Japan to European trade while allowing trade with other Asian countries.

What was the effect of European colonization on indigenous populations in the Americas?

Indigenous peoples were often forced into labor and their economies were disrupted.

What were the main goods traded within Asia during this period?

Pepper, textiles, tea, and coffee.

What was the relationship between European traders and local merchants in India?

Family firms in India monopolized key goods and dictated terms to European trading companies.

What methods did Spain use to conquer the Philippines?

They used military operations, alliances, and the spread of Catholicism.

How did the Portuguese treat conquered territories?

They were often poorly treated, with towns obliterated if they resisted.

What was the primary method of colonization used by the Dutch in Indonesia?

Trade by warfare, forcing locals to sell exclusively to the Dutch.

What was a significant consequence of the East India Companies' actions?

They destroyed local economies and established European dominance in trade.

How did the Portuguese negotiate for territory in China?

They engaged in negotiations to secure trading rights and territory.

What was the significance of the Banda Islands in Dutch colonization?

The Dutch killed or enslaved 15,000 citizens and replaced them with Dutch farmers.

What was the impact of the Tokugawa shogunate's policies on Christianity in Japan?

They expelled Christians and executed many, closing Japan to European influence.

What was the impact of the Spanish Crown's silver wealth?

It made the Crown strong but led to economic inflation and impoverishment of many.

What economic roles did lower-class women play in Spanish colonies?

They were store workers, bakers, and tavern owners, and could rent buildings for profit.

How did the Tokugawa shoguns in Japan utilize profits?

They used profits to defeat feudal lords and unify the nation, investing in agriculture and industry.

What was the impact of the Little Ice Age on fur demand?

It increased the need for furs, leading to significant trade by French, British, and Dutch suppliers.

What methods did Europeans use to acquire furs from Native Americans?

They waited for Natives to willingly trade furs for goods like guns and blankets, and some trapped furs themselves.

What were the consequences of fur trading on animal populations?

Animal populations, especially beavers and deer, were decimated due to overhunting.

How did the fur trade initially benefit Native Americans?

Natives, like the Hurons, benefited from the beaver trade before tensions and competition arose.

What was the impact of European trade goods on Native American societies?

Natives became dependent on European goods, leading to the loss of traditional crafts and increased addiction to alcohol.

What was the role of women in the fur trade?

Women married traders and processed furs, but often became jobless upon returning to Europe.

What was the tribute system imposed on Siberian Natives?

Every able-bodied Siberian male aged 18-50 was forced to hunt for a certain number of furs or face death.

How did the Transatlantic Slave Trade connect continents?

It linked people through the Middle Passage, sending enslaved Africans to the Americas for labor.

What was the demographic impact of the Slave Trade in Africa?

It slowed population growth as millions were captured and could not reproduce.

What was the initial context of the Slave Trade?

It was a large-scale expression of human ownership, with African slaves being funneled to various regions.

What were the living conditions of slaves during the Middle Passage?

Many lived short lives, suffering greatly, with high mortality rates during the journey.

What was the role of Maroon societies?

They consisted of escaped slaves who formed communities in remote areas, with Palmares in Brazil being the largest.

What were the economic effects of the Slave Trade on African societies?

There was little economic change as slaves were typically from lower classes, but maize and cassava were introduced to diets.

How did the Slave Trade affect social structures in Africa?

It led to government corruption and increased labor demand for women, allowing men to marry multiple wives.

What was the significance of the Great Crisis in relation to Spanish silver?

The excess of silver contributed to economic issues, leaving many impoverished.

What was the role of European powers in the African slave trade?

They negotiated with African leaders to acquire slaves, exploiting rivalries for lower costs.

How did the Slave Trade contribute to racial prejudice?

It established a system where human value was lowest, leading to enduring racial biases.

What were the primary goods traded for slaves in Africa?

European and Indian goods, especially firearms, gunpowder, and alcohol.

What was the significance of the Haitian Revolution for Maroon societies?

It led to the freedom of Maroon societies like Palmares.

What were the consequences of the Slave Trade for African societies?

They faced disease, dependence on European goods, and population decimation.

What was the role of indentured servants in the context of the Slave Trade?

They were seen as expensive and temporary labor compared to the cheaper African slaves.

What were the long-term effects of the Slave Trade on African Diaspora?

It led to a significant African presence in the Americas, influencing cultures and societies.

What was the impact of the Slave Trade on traditional African economies?

It disrupted local economies as societies became reliant on the slave trade for profit.

How did the fur trade impact European quality of life?

It raised the quality of life for Europeans in colder climates by providing necessary furs.

What was the relationship between fur trade and environmental changes?

Deforestation occurred as land was cleared for cash crops, impacting local ecosystems.