2023.v3b_VA Nail Tech Theory Practice

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms

Bacteria

Also called germs, are one-celled microbes. both disease and non-disease producing single-celled microorganisms

Virus

a sub-microscopic infections agent that replicates only within the cell of a living host

Nonpathogenic

nondisease-producing bacteria

Pathogenic

Disease-producing bacteria

Carbon

One of the elements that makes up keratin

Cocci - Think, c=Circle and Cocci.

Spherical or round-shaped bacterial cells that appear singularly or in groups.

Staphylococci

Pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes. They cause abscesses, pustules, and boils.

Streptococci

Pus-forming bacteria arranged in curved lines, long chains, resembling a string of beads. They cause infections such as strep throat and blood poisoning.

Diplococci - think d= double and diplococci

Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia.

Bacilli (bacillus)

Most common form of bacteria cell. rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis, tetanus)

Spirilla -Think s = spiral and spirilla

spiral, coiled, corkscrew-shaped bacteria that cause highly contagious diseases such as syphilis and cholera.

Mitosis

During active stage, aka the vegetative stage, bacteria reproduce and grow rapidly. As the bacteria absorb food, each cell grows in size. When it is fully grown, it divides to create two cells.

Sanitization

the lowest level of infection control and serves as the foundation of your infection control program

Disinfection

Second level of infection control and means using products (or methods) that kill or destroy bacteria and a broad spectrum of viruses.

Sterilization

Is the third and highest level of infection control. It destroys all living organisms, including bacterial spores, which neither sanitization nor disinfection can kill.

Product Label

Lists ingredients including potential hazards.

MSDS- Material Safety Data Sheet

Must keep a copy of every MSDS in a file or binder that is easily accessible.

Section I: Product name and company name

Section II: Hazardous Ingredients

Section III: Physical and chemical ingredients

Section IV: Fire and Explosion hazard data

EPA registered, hospital level disinfectant

Includes: Germicidal, Fungicidal, Pseudomonacdial and Viricidal

Product efficacy label

Describes what a product is effective in fighting against

Onychosis (on-i-Ko-sis)

Any disease or disorder of the nail

Identification - of the disease or disorder

Etiology - the study of the cause of a disease or disorder

Indications-symptoms and appearance

Services-products used/recommended, techniques

Four factors of the study of Onychosis

Onychia (o-NIK-e-a)

Inflammation of the nail matrix - NO Service

Paronychia (par-o-NIK-e-a) or Felon

inflammation of the skin around the nail - NO Servicer

Onychomycosis (o-ni-ko-mi-KO-sis) or

Tinea unguim (TIN-ee-ah Un-gwee-um)

Ringworm of the nail - NO Service

Onychatrophia (o-ni-ka-TRO-fe-a)

Atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail - no service on affected nail

Onycholiysis (o-ni-KOL-i-sis)

refers to a loosening or separation of the nail - no service on affected nail

Onychomadesis (-on-i-ko-MAH-de-sis)

refers to loss of the nail plate with separation occurring at the nail matrix - no service on affected nail

Onychoptosis (o-ni-ko-to-sis)

Refers to shedding or falling off of nails - - no service on affected nail

Blue Nails

Appear bluish in color

Pterygium (te-RIJ-ee-uhm)

Living skin attached to the nail plate

Egg Shell Nails

Thin, soft nails - light pressure/nail strengthener

Corrugations

Horizontal ridges across the nail plate - lightly buff the surface

Koilonuchia (kol-e-o-NIK-e-a)

Nails with a concave shape - light pressure/nail strengthener

Furrows

Indented vertical lines down the nail plate - lightly buff the surface

Onychogryposis (o-ni-ko-GRI-po-sis)

Claw nail; increased curvature - Service is there is no sign of infection; do not trim the nail; file to shorten

Onychocryptosis (o-ni-KRI-to-sis)

Ingrown nail - service if no sign of infection/tenderness; trim straight across

Tile-shaped nails

Exaggerated or deep c-curve - use care when trimming; avoid trimming too short

Pincer nails (trumpet)

Corners fold inward at the tip of the finger or toe - use care when trimming; avoid trimming too short

Plicatured nails

90 degree or greater fold - use care when trimming; avoid trimming too short

Onychauxis (o-ni-KOK-sis) or hypertrophy

Thickening of the nail plate or an abnormal outgrowth of the nail - use caution

Onychophyma

Swelling of the nail - often associated with Onychauxis) - use caution

Agnails (hangnails)

Split cuticles - use cuticle conditioner

Bruised nails

Discoloration under the nail plate - no pressure on the nail

Onychophagy (o-ni-KOF-a-je)

Bitten nails - service

Onychorrhexis (o-ni-ko-REK-sis)

Brittle nails - use cuticle conditioner and lotion

Lueconychia (loo-ko-NIK-e-a)

White spots - service

Melanonychia (mel-an-oh-NIK-e-a)

Dark stipe down the nail - service

Six signs of infection

Pain, swelling, redness, local fever, throbbing and pus

Temperature of skin

Coldness may indicate poor circulation; heat may indicate infection

Skin texture/feel

May indicate need for moisture

Inflammation/redness on hand or nail

May indicate need for moisture or possible disease or disorder

Color/condition of nail bed

May identify visible injuries, disease and/or indication of poor circulation

Condition and length of free edge

May identify nail biter or “picker”; may indicate dry, brittle nails

Tenderness or stiff joints

May indicate need to alter massage to ensure client comfort

Shape and thickness of nail plate

may indicate a disease or disorder and how to properly file

Causes of nail diseases

Bacteria, fungi, viruses or illnesses

free edge

Part of the nail that extends beyond the finger or toe and protects the tips of the fingers and toes

Onychodermal Band

Appears as a glassy, grayish band at the point where the nail plate meets the hyponichium.

nail plate

The visible nail area from the nail root to the free edge, it is made up of several transparent layers of hardened cells, which do not contain any nerves or blood vessels

nail wall

Consists of the folds of skin on either side of the nail groove

lunula

Is the white, half- moon shape at the base of the nail

eponychium

the area that overlies the matrix at the base of the nail and provides a watertight seal that protects against infections

nail cuticle

the loose and pliable overlapping skin, which forms a watertight seal around the nail, it is a thing layer of skin that as it sheds attaches to the top layer of the nail plate

nail matrix

the active tissue that generates cells, which harden as they move outward from the nail root to the nail plate.

Contains lymph, blood vessels and nerves that create cells, which are pushed outward from the nail root.

nail root

Attached to the nail matrix at the base of the nail, under the skin and inside the mantle

mantle

Pocket like structure that holds the root and matrix

nail bed

the area of the nail on which the nail plate rests, nerves and blood vessels found here supply nourishment to the entire nail unit

nail body ligaments

Specialized ligaments; attach the nail bed to the bone

nail folds

Sometimes referred to as grooves, are the tracks on either side of the nail that the nail moves on as it grows

perionychium

the skin that touches, overlaps and surrounds the side of the nail

bed epithelium

Is a thin, sticky later of the epidermis (uppermost layer of skin) that attaches the nail plate to the nail bed

hyponychium

The skin under the free edge, which acts as a watertight seal to prevent bacteria from entering the nail bed

Integumentary system

made of the skin and its layers

On average, a nail grows how much per month

1/8” (.375 cm)

Six primary functions of the skin

Protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, regulation, sensation

Three main layers of skin

Epidermis: outermost later (aka cuticle or scarf skin)

Dermis: underlying, or inner, second layer (aka derma corium, cutis or true skin)

Subcutaneous layer: located below the dermis and is composed primarily of adipose (fatty) tissue (aka subcutis or subdermal)(

five layers of the epidermis

Stratum Cornuem: uppermost layer, aka the horny layer, is the toughest layer of the epidermis and is composed of keratin protein cells that are constantly shed and replaced with cells from below.

Stratum Lucidum: is the transparent layer that lies between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum

Stratum Granulosum: contains cells that are more regularly shaped and resemble many tiny granules

Stratum Spinosum: is often called the spiny layer because the connections between the cells appear like “spines”

Stratum Germinativum: the lowest layer of the epidermis, aka the basal layer. This layer contains basal cells that continually divide through the process called mitosis, to replace the cells that are lost from the hardened (keratinized) outermost layer, the stratum corneum

Keratinization

The chemical change of the living cells into dead protein cells, begins when the newly produced cells are pushed toward the surface

Melanocytes

Found in the stratum germinativum, produces melanosomes, or pigment granules containing melanin, that gives the skin color.

Dermis or dermal layer

Often referred to as the “true Skin” or corium

Also found in the dermis layer

Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands), Sebaceous glands (oil glands), sensory nerve endings and receptors, blood vessels, arrector pili muscles and a major portion of each hair follicle.

The symptoms or signs of a disease or disorder are divided into two classifications:

Subjective - those you feel

Objective - those you see

Three categories of skin lesions

Primary, secondary and tertiary

Primary skin lesions

Macule: is a discoloration appearing on the skin’s surface

Papule: is a hardened red elevation of the skin in which no fluid is present

Vesicle: is a fluid-filled elevations in the skin caused by localized accumulation of fluids or blood just below the epidermis

Bulla: is a lesion, like a vesicle, but larger. Found above and below the skin, bullae contain a clear, watery fluid, a friction blister is an example of a bulla

Pustule: is a small elevation of the skin similar to a vesicle in size and shape, but containing pus

Wheal: is a solid formation above the skin, often caused by an insect bite or allergic reaction

Tumor or nodule: is a solid mass in the skin. these lesions are usually more than 1 cm in diameter.

Cyst: is an abnormal membranous sac containing a gaseous, liquid or semi-solid substance

Secondary Skin Lesions

Scale: is a shedding of a dead cell from the uppermost layer of the epidermis

Crust: is a dried mass that is the remains of an oozing sore (scab)

Excoriation: is a mechanical abrasion to the epidermis (or an injury to the epidermis)

Fissure: is a crack in the skin. These lesions usually appear as cracks or lines that may go as deep as the underlying dermis (chapped lips)

Scar: is a formation resulting from a lesion, which extends into the dermis or deeper, as part of the normal healing process.

Ulcer: is a open lesion visible on the surface that may result in the loss of portions of the dermis and may be accompanied by pus

Verruca

Variety of warts - no service in affected area

Herpes Simplex

Blisters or sores around and on the mouth - service after proper handwashing

Tinea Manus

Ringworm of the hand - NO service

Tinea pedis

Athlete’s foot or ringworm of the feet - NO service

Contact dermatitis

Rash - NO service

Psoriasis

Thick, Scaly, Silvery skin patches surrounded by a red area - service unless skin is inflamed or broken in area to be serviced

Eczema

Dry or moist leasions, an eruption of small vesicles - service unless skin is inflamed or broken in area to be serviced

Hyperkeratoses

The thickening of the epidermis to protect the hands and feet due to friction or pressure. the excessive growth of keratin in the epidermis causes the skin to develop corns or calluses

Callus

Thickening of the epidermis. The technical term for callus is tyloma - service

Corn

A hard or soft tissue growth due to inflammation - service; use caution around affected area

Hyperpigmentation

An excess production of melanin causes the skin to appear darker in certain areas

Hypopigmentation

A lack of the production of melanin causes the skin to appear lighter in spots

Pigmentation Disorders

Melanoderma: Freckles

Chloasma: Liver Spots - usually on hands and face

Mole: small, brown pigmented spot

Naevus: Birthmark

Leukoderma: Hypopigmentation caused by a decrease in activity of the melanocytes

Albinish: skin’s failure to produce melanin

Vitiligo: oval or irregular patches of white skin that do not have normal pigment.

Anatomy

The study of the organs and the systems of the body