Psychology Exam #2 General Study Guide

T/F: Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder marked by a distorted body image and maintenance of unusually low body weight.

False

T/F: Extrinsic motivation comes from outside the person.

True

T/F: Classical Conditioning is a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with negative consequences

False

T/F: Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with negative consequences

False

T/F: Extinction, normally associated with classical conditioning, is a wreaking of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the conditioned response.

True

T/F: Positive punishment is any event that follows a response and increases the likelihood of the action being repeated.

False

T/F: Observational Learning is acquiring information based on insight and understanding.

False

T/F: Sex, food, and water are primary biological motivators

True

T/F: Homeostatis is evident in our 24 hour biological cycle.

False

T/F: Delta Waves, which are found in sleep patterns, are brain waves that occur in stages 3 and 4 of sleep.

True

T/F: Adolescents tend to rely less on heuristics and more on analytical problem-solving.​

True

T/F: Girls tend to begin puberty before boys.

True

T/F: The onset of puberty can be influenced by one's social environment.

True

T/F: ​Coo sounds are composed of a single consonant sound.

False

T/F: Direct instruction involves telling a child when, what, and why he should do something.​

True

What is ‘Selective Attention?’

The conscious processes only a small part that we experience, filtering the information we’re not aware of.

⭐What are ‘Circadian Rhythms?’

They occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and awakeness; “the biological clock.”

What does sleep do for us?

• Sleep protects

• Sleep helps recover

• Sleep helps build memory

• Sleep may play a role in growth

⭐What is the Sleep Stages of 1-2 like?

The brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular waveform called theta waves (5-8 cps). Daydreamers also show theta activity.

⭐What is the Sleep Stages of 3-4 like?

Brain activity slows down, producing large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps).

⭐What is the Sleep Stage 5 (REM Sleep) like?

The sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage one. While still asleep, the brain engages in low-amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps), much like the awake-aroused state.

⭐Define the ‘Sleep Protects’ theory.

Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.

⭐Define the ‘Sleep Helps us Recover’ theory.

Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.

⭐Define the ‘Sleep Helps us Remember’ theory.

Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.

⭐Define the ‘Sleep Plays a Role in the Growth Process’ theory.

During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormones. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.

⭐What is ‘Insomnia?’

A persistent inability to fall asleep.

⭐What is ‘Narcolepsy?’

A overpowering urge to fall asleep

⭐What is ‘Sleep apnea?’

Failure to breathe while sleeping

⭐What is the ‘Wish Fulfillment’ theory?

Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings and that these dreams may also have symbolic meaning.

⭐What is the ‘Information Processing’ theory?

Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experience in one’s memories.

⭐What is the ‘Physiological Function’ theory?

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways.

⭐What is the ‘Activation-Synthesis’ Theory?

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories. Which our sleeping brain waves into stories.

⭐What is the Cognitive Development Theory?

Dream content reflects dreamers’ Cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding

What is a Freudian term meaning the story line of dreams

Manifest Content

What is ‘Hyponosis?’

A social interaction where one person suggests that certain actions will spontaneously occur

It cannot make people act against their will

It can be therapeutic

It can alleviate pain

What is a ‘Psychoactive drug?’

It is a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood, and continued use will result in tolerance and/or dependency.

What is ‘Withdrawal?’

Stopping usage of a drug, which results with the user experiencing different results

What is ‘Dependence?’

Absence of a drug may lead to physical pain, cravings, and negative emotions

What is ‘Addiction?’

The craving for a chemical substance

⭐What three groups are Psychoactive drugs divided into?

• Depressants

• Stimulants

• Hallucinogens

⭐What are ‘Depressants?’

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

• Alcohol

• Barbiturates

• Opiates

What effect does Alcohol have?

It affects motor skills, judgment, and memory. While increasing aggressiveness, and reducing self-awareness.

What effects do Barbiturates have?

They are drugs that depress the activity of the Central Nervous System, reducing anxiety but imparting memory and judgement.

What effects do Opiates have?

They depress neural activity, and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety; highly addictive.

⭐What are ‘Stimulants?’

They excite neural activity and spend up functions

• Caffeine

• Nicotine

• Cocaine

Why is smoking addictive?

It is:

• Socially rewarding

• Gene factors (E.g. if parents were smokers)

• Takes unpleasant responses away

• Nicotine itself is a ‘positive’ reinforcement

⭐What are ‘Hallucinogens?’

Drugs that alter a person’s perception of reality.

• LSD

• Peyote

• PCP

⭐What is ‘Learning?’

It is a permanent change in a organism’s behavior due to experience

⭐What is ‘Associative Learning?’

Learning to associate one stimulus with another

⭐What is ‘Classical Conditioning?’

A learning process occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired, such as giving a dog a treat and sounding a whistle after it sits.

Who is ‘Ivan Pavlov?’

He elucidated classical conditioning by experimenting with dogs

What is it called when organisms respond to similar stimuli that they think are another?

Generalization

What is ‘Discrimination?’

The learned ability to distinguish from one stimuli from another.

What is a ‘Immediate Reinforcer?’

A event that occurs instantly after a behavior

What is a ‘Delayed Reinforcer?’

A event that is delayed in time for a certain behavior

What is a ‘Intrinsic Motivation?’

The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

What is a ‘Extrinsic Motivation?’

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats

What is ‘memory?'

The basis for simple survival, recognition, language, history, and yourself

⭐What is the three stages of memory?

• Sensory memory

• Short-term

  • Working Memory (used in simple tasks)

• Long-term

⭐What is ‘Explicit Memory?’

Long-term memories that one might try to intentionally remember, like a math formula.

⭐What is ‘Implicit Memory?’

Long-term memories that one can recall without intentionally trying, like driving a car.

⭐What is the ‘Hippocampus?’

A neural center in the limbic system that processes Explicit memories.

⭐What is the ‘Cerebellum?’

A neural center in the hindbrain that processes Implicit memories.

How do we automatically process different information?

• Space: Encoding pictures in pages of a textbook

• Time: Unintentionally noting events that happened in a day

• Frequency: Keeping track of events that happened to you

What is it called when we commit to making memories to process and retrieve it?

Effortful Processing

What are the three senses that aids in the formation of memories?

Seeing, hearing, feeling

What is the memory called when someone goes through a stressful experience and can recall it?

Flashbulb memories

⭐What is ‘forgetting?‘

The inability to retrieve info due to poor encoding, store, or retrieval.

What is ‘Repression?’

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-inducing thoughts, feeling, and memories from consciousness.