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Abstract Expressionism
An art movement from the 1940s to the late 1960s, inspired by surrealism and influenced by World War II. It emphasized broad brushstrokes and spontaneous action.
Adolf Hitler
Leader of the National Socialist Party (Nazi) in Germany during World War II, associated with the Holocaust and known for his distinctive mustache.
Albert Einstein
Renowned physicist known as the "Father of Quantum Physics" and contributed to the development of the atomic bomb.
Allied Powers
An alliance between Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union during World War II, opposing the Axis powers.
American Isolationism
A policy followed by the United States from 1939 to 1941, characterized by a reluctance to engage in foreign conflicts. The Neutrality Acts were passed to avoid involvement in European conflicts due to public sentiment and the economic depression.
Anarchism
An ideology advocating for the abolition of government and social institutions seen as oppressive.
Anti-Semitism
Prejudice, hatred, and distrust targeted towards Jewish people, which became widespread during the 20th century due to extreme nationalist sentiments.
Appeasement
A strategy of pacifying aggressive nations, such as fascist states, to avoid conflict and another war.
Axis Powers
Italy (Benito Mussolini), Germany (Adolf Hitler), and Japan (Hirohito) during World War II. Other countries, including Romania, Finland, Thailand, and Bulgaria, later joined the Axis powers.
Balkans
A diverse region in southeastern Europe known for its ethnic and cultural complexity.
Bauhaus Movement
The Bauhaus Movement, which existed from 1919 to 1933 in Germany, was a pioneering artistic and design movement that aimed to bridge the gap between art, craft, and industry. It emphasized functionalism, simplicity, and the integration of art into everyday life. The Bauhaus school, founded by Walter Gropius
Benito Mussolini
Italian dictator who coined fascism and came to power with the help of his Black Shirts. Overthrown during the Allied reconquest of Italy.
Blitzkrieg
A military strategy employed by Germany during World War II, characterized by fast-moving tanks and airpower to quickly overwhelm the enemy.
Bolshevik Revolution
The revolution led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks, marked by uprisings and street demonstrations in Russia that resulted in the abdication of the Tsar and the establishment of a socialist government.
Bosnia-Herzegovina Annexation Crisis 1908
The formal incorporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy on October 6, 1908. This annexation sparked political tensions in the region and contributed to the growing tensions in Europe that eventually led to the outbreak of World War I.
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
French painter and founder of Impressionism, a precursor to modernism.
Cubism
An art movement pioneered by Picasso and others, emphasizing geometric forms on flat planes and challenging traditional representations of the real world.
Dadaism
An art movement focused on creating provocative and nonsensical art as a reaction to the established artistic norms and the horrors of World War I.
Decemberist Revolution
A failed revolution in 1825, where civilians attempted to overthrow Tsar Nicholas I's authoritarian government and establish a constitutional monarchy. It influenced later revolutions in 1917.
Democratic Successor States (From Versailles Conference)
After World War I, countries like Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, and Greece were established as liberal democratic nations in line with the principles of the Versailles Conference.
Dreyfus Affair (1894)
A wrongful accusation of treason against a Jewish captain in the French army, exposing anti-Semitism and leading to the separation of church and state in France.
Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970)
Author of the World War I novel "All Quiet on the Western Front," born in Germany and drafted into the German army at 18.
Eugenics
The controversial practice of selective breeding and sterilization targeting disabled individuals and racial minorities.
Existentialism
Philosophy asserting that life has no inherent meaning or higher power, emphasizing individual choice and purpose (associated with Nietzsche).
Fascism
Ideology prioritizing the state's strength and greatness over individual freedom and equality, suppressing dissent to maintain total power.
February Revolution (1917)
Overthrow of the Russian monarchy, leading to the establishment of the Provisional Government.
Feminism
Belief in equal rights between the sexes, particularly prevalent during the interwar and postwar periods.
Francisco Franco (1939-1975)
Fascist leader of Spain, allied with Hitler, who came to power during the Spanish Civil War.
Freudian Psychology (1856-1939)
Psychological theory emphasizing the role of the unconscious and the therapist's role in bringing unconscious processes to consciousness.
Gauguin's Primitivism
Art style reflecting Western pity and romanticized views of "primitive" cultures untouched by the West.
Genocide
Systematic mass killing and oppression of a particular race or group by a governing force.
Great Depression
Global economic recession after World War I, causing the collapse of the US and European banking systems and leading to the rise of dictators and World War II.
Great Powers
Nations with significant global influence and capabilities.
Gulags
Soviet labor camps, detention centers, transit camps, and prisons.
Henri Matisse (1869-1954)
Visual artist and sculptor associated with Impressionism and modernism.
Holocaust
Systematic mass extermination of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II as part of their "final solution."
Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
Influential Russian composer of the 20th century, known for his modernist approach to music.
Interventionism
Political practice of interfering in the affairs of other nations.
Interwar Period
Period between World War I and World War II, characterized by economic difficulties in Germany and rising tensions in Europe.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
Prominent figure in French philosophy and Marxism, known for his contributions to existentialism.
Joseph Stalin
Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, serving as the Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
League of Nations
International organization established to maintain peace, but its lack of military power limited its effectiveness.
Marie and Pierre Curie
Scientists of the early 1900s who discovered radioactivity and the elements radium and polonium.
Marxism-Leninism
Ideology advocating for a socialist state that empowers the working class (proletariat), influenced by the theories of Marx and Lenin.
Mikhail Bakunin
A Russian revolutionary who advocated for revolutionary violence and believed in leading such movements through secret societies.
Millicent Fawcett (1897)
Women's suffrage campaigner who worked for legal changes to achieve gender equality.
Modernism
Social and artistic movement influenced by industrial and modern culture.
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union to remain neutral, broken by Germany in Operation Barbarossa.
Nazism
German nationalist movement led by Adolf Hitler, holding power in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s.
Nuremberg Laws
German laws that deprived Jews of political rights and excluded them from German activities.
Ottoman Empire
Turkish Empire that controlled Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries.
Partition of Poland (August 5, 1772)
Treaty signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria to divide up Poland among themselves.
Post-Impressionism
Reaction in the 1880s against Impressionism in art.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Russian composer of the Romantic period, known for internationally acclaimed music.
Pyotr Stolypin (1862-1911)
Third Prime Minister and Interior Minister of the Russian Empire from 1906 until his assassination in 1911.
Quantum Mechanics
Scientific study of the behavior of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale.
Self-Determination
When a country determines its own statehood, allegiances, and government.
Stock Market Crash
Drastic decline in the stock market, primarily in the US, in the late 1920s and 1930s, leading to an economic downturn in many European states.
Suffrage
The right to vote, initially limited but later expanded in the early stages of democracy.
Surrealism
Artistic movement where artists depicted illogical and unsettling scenes, expressing the unconscious mind.
Theory of Relativity
Theory proposed by Albert Einstein, stating that space and time are relative, and all motion is relative to a frame of reference.
Totalitarianism
Form of government that seeks total control over its citizens' lives.
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Treaty that ended World War I, imposing full blame for the war on Germany and inflicting heavy reparations, leading to the destabilization of the German government and setting the stage for World War II.
Triple Alliance
Secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolshevik Party and founding father of the USSR (Soviet Union).
Wannsee Conference (January 20, 1942)
Meeting of senior Nazi German officials and SS leaders to discuss the "Final Solution" and the extermination of Jews.
Weimar Republic
German republic during the interwar period, preceding Nazi Germany and World War II.
Werner Heisenberg
Physicist known for his contributions to quantum mechanics, including the discovery of allotropic forms of hydrogen.
Wilsonian Idealism
A political philosophy propounded by United States President Woodrow Wilson.
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