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Nationalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation.
Zollverein
A customs union among German states that facilitated trade and economic unity.
Blood and Iron
Bismarck's strategy of unifying Germany through military strength and conflict.
Russification
Policies aimed at promoting Russian culture and suppressing other cultures within the Russian Empire.
Pan-Slavism
The idea that all Slavic peoples share a common nationality and should unite.
Anti-Semitism
Hostility or prejudice against Jews.
Young Turks
A political reform movement that aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire.
Armenian Genocide
The systematic extermination of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
Indian National Congress
A political party founded in 1885 that advocated for increased Indian participation in government.
Muslim League
A political organization founded in 1906 to protect the interests of Muslims in India.
Reunifications
The process of uniting fragmented states into a single political entity, as seen in Germany and Italy.
Czars
Russian emperors who ruled with absolute power.
Cavour
Count Camillo di Cavour, the Prime Minister of Sardinia who played a major role in the unification of Italy.
Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian general and nationalist who contributed significantly to the unification of Italy.
Victor Emmanuel II
The first king of Italy after unification in 1861.
Balkans
A region in southeastern Europe that experienced significant ethnic conflict leading up to and during World War I.
Crimean War
A conflict from 1853 to 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
French Revolution
A period of social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that inspired nationalist movements worldwide.
Social Conditions in Czarist Russia
Characterized by a feudal society where serfs were bound to the land and the nobility held power.
Leaders of Italian Nationalism
Key figures including Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi who played significant roles in Italy's unification.
Anti-Semitic Pogroms
Violent riots aimed at the Jewish population, often resulting in significant violence and loss of life.
