pre_wwi_powpt

GLOBAL NATIONALISM OVERVIEW

1. Nationalism

• French Revolution

• Spread across Europe

• Latin America

• India

• Turkey

2. Re-unifications

• Germany

• Italy

3. Jewish Separatist Movement

4. Tension in the Balkans

• Led to WWI

5. Changes in Russia & effects

NATIONALISM & REVOLUTION

A. Nationalism

• Caused by:

  • Common language, heritage & culture

EUROPE IN 1850

• Kingdom of Denmark

• Kingdom of Sweden

• Grand Duchy of Finland

• Kingdom of Norway

• United Kingdom

• Empire of Russia

• Kingdom of Prussia

• Netherlands

• Belgium

• Kingdom of France

• Kingdom of Austria

• Kingdom of Sardinia

• Ottoman Empire

REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1800s

1. France

   • Influenced by Napoleon

2. Greece

   • Gained independence from Ottoman Empire in 1830

3. Poland

   • Crushed by Russia

4. Belgium

   • Gained independence in 1831 from the Dutch

5. Austrian Empire

   • Revolts in Italy & Germany

6. Latin America

   • Movements in Mexico, Central America, South America

UNIFICATION MOVEMENTS IN EUROPE

A. Italy

1. Divided into small states since the fall of the Roman Empire

2. Napoleon united parts into the Kingdom of Italy, later taken back by Austria

Leaders of Italian Nationalism

• Giuseppe Mazzini

  • Founded Young Italy national movement in 1831

• Count Camillo Cavour

  • Prime Minister of Sardinia

  • Formed alliances with France & Prussia to drive Austria out

• Giuseppe Garibaldi

  • Soldier who helped unite Northern Italy

• Victor Emmanuel II

  • Crowned King of Italy in 1861

Italian Conflict

• North (urban, Protestant) vs. South (rural, Catholic) disagreements

• Catholic Church against new Italian government

B. Germany

1. Napoleon united German states against him as a common enemy

2. Rise of Prussia

• Zollverein: Trade union promoting economic unity

3. Blood & Iron

   • Bismarck's approach to unifying Germany through war

   • Fought 3 wars:

     • Danish War

     • Austro-Prussian War

     • Franco-Prussian War

4. King William I became Emperor, united Germans through conflict

ZIONISM

A. Anti-Semitism

• Increased tensions with European nationalism

• Pogroms: Violent attacks on Jewish communities

B. Migration

• Many Jews moved to Palestine, forming farming communities

• Influential figure: Theodore Herzl

NATIONALISM IN ASIA

A. India

1. British colony since 1700s

2. Indian National Congress (1885)

   • Focused on equal opportunities, democracy, modernization, and eventual self-rule

3. Muslim League

   • Friction between Muslims and Hindus; temporary alliances to defeat British

B. Turkey

1. Young Turks

   • Liberals who aimed to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and resist Western imperialism; overthrew the sultan in 1908

2. The Armenian Massacre

   • No tolerance for Christian Armenians; leading to genocide

NATIONALISM & CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS

A. Diverse Groups

1. Home to Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians under Ottoman rule

B. Independence

• Countries such as Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria gained independence by 1908

C. Outside Influence

• European powers vying for territory from the Ottomans

D. Pan-Slavism

• Supported by Russia; Serbia aligned to Russia against Austria-Hungary

ABSOLUTISM IN CZARIST RUSSIA

A. Impact of the French Revolution

1. Czar's resisted freedoms; indicated a lack of modernization

B. Political Conditions

1. Czars held absolute power, refusing reforms

C. Social Conditions

1. Feudal society with few middle-class individuals

2. Freeing of Serfs

   • Following the Crimean War, reforms were implemented

D. Russification

1. Persecution of non-Russians, promoting Russian culture over others

2. Anti-Semitic policies against Jewish populations

RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA

1. Expansion in the 1700s and 1800s, including Alaska

2. Building of the Trans-Siberian Railway to connect eastern and western regions alongside political control

GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS

• Democracy: Modeled after Greece; elections and voting rights

• Totalitarianism: Control over all aspects of life; censorship and secret police

• Monarchies: Absolute or limited power of kings/queens