French Revolution
Spread across Europe
Latin America
India
Turkey
Germany
Italy
Led to WWI
Caused by:
Common language, heritage & culture
Kingdom of Denmark
Kingdom of Sweden
Grand Duchy of Finland
Kingdom of Norway
United Kingdom
Empire of Russia
Kingdom of Prussia
Netherlands
Belgium
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Austria
Kingdom of Sardinia
Ottoman Empire
France
Influenced by Napoleon
Greece
Gained independence from Ottoman Empire in 1830
Poland
Crushed by Russia
Belgium
Gained independence in 1831 from the Dutch
Austrian Empire
Revolts in Italy & Germany
Latin America
Movements in Mexico, Central America, South America
Divided into small states since the fall of the Roman Empire
Napoleon united parts into the Kingdom of Italy, later taken back by Austria
Giuseppe Mazzini
Founded Young Italy national movement in 1831
Count Camillo Cavour
Prime Minister of Sardinia
Formed alliances with France & Prussia to drive Austria out
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Soldier who helped unite Northern Italy
Victor Emmanuel II
Crowned King of Italy in 1861
North (urban, Protestant) vs. South (rural, Catholic) disagreements
Catholic Church against new Italian government
Napoleon united German states against him as a common enemy
Rise of Prussia
Zollverein: Trade union promoting economic unity
Blood & Iron
Bismarck's approach to unifying Germany through war
Fought 3 wars:
Danish War
Austro-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War
King William I became Emperor, united Germans through conflict
Increased tensions with European nationalism
Pogroms: Violent attacks on Jewish communities
Many Jews moved to Palestine, forming farming communities
Influential figure: Theodore Herzl
British colony since 1700s
Indian National Congress (1885)
Focused on equal opportunities, democracy, modernization, and eventual self-rule
Muslim League
Friction between Muslims and Hindus; temporary alliances to defeat British
Young Turks
Liberals who aimed to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and resist Western imperialism; overthrew the sultan in 1908
The Armenian Massacre
No tolerance for Christian Armenians; leading to genocide
Home to Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians under Ottoman rule
Countries such as Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria gained independence by 1908
European powers vying for territory from the Ottomans
Supported by Russia; Serbia aligned to Russia against Austria-Hungary
Czar's resisted freedoms; indicated a lack of modernization
Czars held absolute power, refusing reforms
Feudal society with few middle-class individuals
Freeing of Serfs
Following the Crimean War, reforms were implemented
Persecution of non-Russians, promoting Russian culture over others
Anti-Semitic policies against Jewish populations
Expansion in the 1700s and 1800s, including Alaska
Building of the Trans-Siberian Railway to connect eastern and western regions alongside political control
Democracy: Modeled after Greece; elections and voting rights
Totalitarianism: Control over all aspects of life; censorship and secret police
Monarchies: Absolute or limited power of kings/queens