A&P Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Body

gross anatomy

science of macroscopic anatomy; things that can be seen with naked eye (surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy)

surface anatomy

study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin structure OR surface markings to understand internal anatomy through visualization/palpitation

regional anatomy

considers the regions of the body (head, extremities, all systems in region)

systemic anatomy

all structures of a particular system in body; regardless of location

microscopic anatomy

concerned with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (cytology, histology)

cytology

study of cells (components + functions)

histology

study of tissues (function)

developmental biology

growth/development of individual from fertilization to death

embryology

first eight weeks of growth/development after fertilization of egg; earliest stage

pathological anatomy

structural changes associated with disease

imaging anatomy

internal structures visualized with x-rays, MRI, CT for analysis/intervention

clinical anatomy

applying anatomy to medicine, dentistry, etc

molecular physiology

functions of individual molecules (proteins, DNA, etc)

neurophysiology

functional properties of nerve cells

endocrinology

hormones and their impact on functions

cardiovascular physiology

functions of the heart and blood vessels

immunology

body’s defense against disease

respiratory physiology

functions of air passageways/lungs

renal physiology

functions of the kidney

exercise physiology

changes in cell + organ functions due to muscular activity

pathophysiology

functional changes associated with disease/aging

[structural organization]

chemical level

least complex; composed of atoms (smallest stable units of matter arranged to form molecules/compounds). (ex: water, proteins)

[structural organization]

cellular level

cells are the structural building blocks of plants/animals; produced by pre-existing cells through interactions between molecules + compounds. smallest unit capable of performing all vital life functions (ex: muscle cells, blood cells, nerve cells, etc.)

[structural organization]

tissue level

specialized groups of cells + cell products that work together to perform functions (ex: muscle tissue, nerve tissue, etc.)

[structural organization]

organ level

consists of two or more tissues working in combo to perform functions; type of tissue dictates the function (ex: heart, lung, etc.)

[structural organization]

organ system level

organs interact to form organ systems, which perform vital life functions

integumentary system

external support/protection + temperature regulation (skin, hair, nails)

skeletal system

internal support/flexible frame for movement, forms blood cells, stores minerals (bones, joint, cartilage)

muscular system

motion support, heat production (skeletal muscles, tendons)

respiratory system

exchanges oxygen/carbon dioxide between air and circulating blood (lungs, trachea, larynx, nasal passages)

nervous system

responds to stimuli, coordinates other systems (brain, spinal chord, peripheral nerves)

circulatory/cardiovascular system

internal transport of nutrients/oxygen to cells while wastes/carbon dioxide are transported away from body cells (heart, blood vessels)

lymphatic/immune system

protects from infections and diseases, transports tissue fluid called lymph, absorbs fats (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, tonsils)

endocrine system

secretion of hormones that direct changes in other systems (thyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal)

urinary system

filters blood to remove waste, excess water, and salts. contains pH/electrolyte balance (kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra)

digestive sysmtem

intake, breakdown, and absorption of food - nutrients, minerals vitamins, and water; eliminates feces (salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, liver, gallbladder)

reproductive system

produces sperm + eggs; secretes sex hormones and copulation (ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands and testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis)

levels of organization in order

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

All of the basic life processes of the human body

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development/growth/reproduction

[Basic life processes]

Organization

separation of one area from another; organism, cell, organ, etc. Controls what enters/exits each area

[Basic life processes]

Metabolism

all chemical reactions in a cell/organism

1) anabolic: smaller/simpler molecules are combined to create a larger, more complex substance (requires input of energy = ENDERGONIC)

2) catabolic: larger, more complex substances are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules (releases energy = EXERGENIC)

3) ATP: compound that stores/releases energy (ADP→ ATP = anabolic, ATP→ADP = catabolic)

[Basic life processes]

Responsiveness

body’s ability to adjust to changes in internal/external environment

[Basic life processes]

Movement

coordinated/intentional change in location/position

Requirements for human life

Oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

maintaining a steady state within narrow limits

1. receptor: detects changes in internal/external environment or a stimulus

2. control center: receives + processes the info from receptor and sends commands

3. effector: responds to the commands by opposing the stimulus

Negative feedback loop

provides stability by shutting off/reducing original stimulus.

Positive feedback loop

accelerates a process to completion by increasing stimulus

[Abdominopelvic Quadrants]

Right upper quadrant

liver, right kidney, gallbladder, right adrenal gland

[Abdominopelvic Quadrants]

Left upper quadrant

some of liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas

[Abdominopelvic Quadrants]

Right lower quadrant

appendix, cecum (start of large intestine), ascending colon

[Abdominopelvic Quadrants]

Left lower quadrant

descending colon

[Abdominopelvic Regions]

Top row

Epigastric: top/middle (superior to umbilical region)

Right/left hypochondriac region: surrounds epigastric

[Abdominopelvic Regions]

Middle row

Umbilical: centermost, deep, surrounds navel (most middle)

Right/left lumbar regions: surrounds umbilical

[Abdominopelvic Regions]

Bottom row

Hypogastric: bottom, middle (inferior to umbilical region)

Right/left iliac regions: surrounds hypogastric (inguinal)

[Body Planes]

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane that separates into right/left parts

1) Midsagittal: right down the middle

2) Parasagittal: divide isn’t in the middle

[Body Planes]

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

divides body into front/back (anterior/posterior) parts

[Body Planes]

Transverse (horizontal) Plane

divides the body into horizontal/vertical planes (superior/inferior)

[Body Planes]

Oblique Plane

cuts made diagonally between horizontal/vertical planes

[Body Cavities]

Dorsal Cavity (from head to spine). What two cavities does it have?

1) Cranial cavity: contains the brain

2) Vertebral cavity: contains the spinal cord

[Body Cavities]

Ventral body cavity (from shoulder to pelvis). What kind of organs does it house and what two cavities does it have?

It contains the VISCERA/guts.

1) Thoracic cavity:

a)pleural cavity: right/left, contains lungs.

b) mediastinum: between pleural cavities, contains thymus, lymph, esophagus, trachea (inside: PERICARDIAL - heart)

2) Abdominopelvic cavity:

a) abdominal cavity: contains digestive organs (stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small/large intestines)

b) pelvic cavity: bladder, reproductive organs

[Body Cavities]

Serous Membrane

Lines the dorsal/ventral body cavities and secretes a lubricating fluid.

1) meninges: lines the dorsal cavity

2) pleura: lines the pleural cavity (hearts/lungs)

3) pericardium: lines the pericardial cavity (hearts/lungs)

4) peritoneum: lines abdominal cavity, reproductive organs

[Medical Imaging]

Radiography

used for bone densitometry and mammography. projects high energy electromagnetic radiation.

[Medical Imaging]

MRI (magnetic resonance image)

used for differentiating between normal and abnormal tissues (tumor, brain abnormalities, blood flow). no exposure to large doses of radiation, but loud/claustrophobic.

[Medical Imaging]

CT Scans (computed tomography)

used to visualize soft tissue detailed, cross-sectional, 3D images of bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues. slices of x-rays are assembled.

[Medical Imaging]

Ultrasound (sonography)

high frequency sound waves are used. noninvasive/painless = used for pregnancy.

[Medical Imaging]

PET Scan (positron emission tomography)

CANCER - used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism). radioactive bursts go to area with high metabolic activity like cancer.

[Medical Imaging]

Endoscopy

colonoscopy, laparoscopy, arthroscopy.

Superior (cranial)

above/towards the head or upper body

Inferior (caudal)

below; away from head. towards lower body

anterior (ventral)

towards/at the front of the body

posterior (dorsal)

towards/at the back of the body

medial

towards the middle of the body

lateral

away from the middle of the body

proximal

closer to the point of attachment/origin of body part

distal

farther from point of attachment/origin of body part

superficial (external)

towards/at surface of body

deep (internal)

away from surface of body

intermediate (directional term)

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Which correctly describes how the circulatory system interacts with the respiratory system?

1) Delivers blood to the kidneys so the blood can be filtered.

2) Transports white blood cells throughout the body to fight disease

3) Absorbs and delivers digested nutrients to the cells

4) Delivers oxygen from the lungs to cells and drops off carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs

4) Delivers oxygen from the lungs to cells and drops off carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs

Which two systems are interacting in this example:

White blood cells are produced and transported throughout your body in your bloodstream.

1) Immune System and Circulatory System

2) Circulatory System and Respiratory System

3) Immune System and Integumentary System

4) Integumentary System and Circulatory System

1) Immune System and Circulatory System

Skin : _______________ System :: Hypothalamus : __________________ System

1) Integumentary; Nervous

2) Endocrine; Nervous

3) Circulatory; Endocrine

4) Integumentary; Endocrine

4) Integumentary; Endocrine

Concept Map