HHD Chapters 1-4 U3

Disease

A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction, or tissue damage.

Dynamic

Continually changing.

Emotional health and wellbeing

relates to the ability to express feelings in an appropriate way, and manage and express emotional actions and reactions, as well as the ability to display resilience.

Health and wellbeing

The overall state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Illness

A subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury.

Mental health and wellbeing

relates to the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. 

Optimal health and wellbeing

The highest level of health and wellbeing an individual can realistically attain, considering genetics and environmental factors.

Physical health and wellbeing

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, including the capacity to perform daily activities.

Social health and wellbeing

relates to the state and quality of the interactions and relationships an individual has with others. It about the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Spiritual health and wellbeing

relates to relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.

Subjective

Influenced by personal beliefs, feelings, or opinions.

Trend

A general change or movement in a particular direction over time.

Health status

An individual's or population’s overall level of health and wellbeing, measured by various indicators.

Burden of disease

measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation in which everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. 

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

A measure of the burden of disease; one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to illness or death.

Years lived with disability (YLD)

A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease, injury, or disability.

Years of life lost (YLL)

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health. that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury

Incidence

The number or rate of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified time period.

Infant mortality

Deaths in children between birth and their first birthday.

Morbidity

Ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population.

Mortality

Relates to death, often at the population level.

Prevalence

The total number or proportion of cases of a specific disease present in a population at a given time.

Self-assessed health status

person’s perception of their own health and wellbeing at a given point in time. 

Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR)

The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.

Life expectancy at birth

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates don’t change.

Maternal mortality

relates to the deaths of mothers as a result of pregnancy or childbirth, up to six weeks after delivery.

Risk Factors

1. Smoking and vaping 

2. Alcohol 

3. Overweight and obesity 

4. Low intake of fibre

5. Under-consumption of fruit and vegetables

6. Underconsumption of dairy foods

7. High intake of fat

8. High intake of salt

9. High intake of sugar

Cardiovascular disease in Smoking

Tobacco smoke reduces oxygen in the blood, increasing blood pressure and heart rate because the heart works harder to deliver O2 to the body. 

It increases blood pressure because chemicals in tobacco smoke speed up the process of atherosclerosis. This increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Chemicals in tobacco smoke thicken blood, making it sticky and form blood clots

Cancer in Smoking

Smoking can cause a fault in body cells as they divide. This can lead to a tumour and, ultimately, cancer.

Respiratory disease in Smoking

Smoking contributes to COPD (reduced airflow into the lungs) by causing inflammation of the airways and destroying alveoli, making it harder for gas exchange to occur.

Asthma - Exposure to tobacco smoke in early life (including in the uterus) increases the risk of developing asthma. 

Increased risk of infectious diseases in Smoking

Tobacco smoke exposure can lower immune function due to the tar and other toxins destroying  antibodies. This increases the risk of contracting infectious diseases.

Smoking and vaping can cause:

1. Cardiovascular disease

2. Cancers (many from lung, mouth, stomach) 

3. Respiratory conditions (emphysema and asthma)

4. Infectious diseases (increased risk)

5. Back pain and problems 

6. Prenatal and infant health outcomes (low birth weight, increase infectious diseases, premature death)

Prenatal and infant health outcomes in Smoking

Tobacco use during pregnancy reduces blood flow to the baby which in turn, reduces the amount of nutrients (such as O2) available for optimal development and growth, increasing the risk of having a baby with low birth weight. 

Alcohol can cause:

1. Overweight/obesity and cardiovascular disease 

2. Cancer

3. Liver disease including cirrhosis 

4. Injuries and self-harm

5. Mental health issues 

6. Prenatal and infant health outcomes (including FASD, premature birth, and low birth weight)

Overweight and obesity and cardiovascular disease by Alcohol

Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy, which means it can increase the chances of an individual gaining weight.

This can lead to plaque build up on artery walls, putting pressure on the heart, which can increase the chance of heart attacks and strokes 

Cancer by Alcohol

When alcohol is metabolised, a chemical is created that can damage DNA and lead to the growth of cancerous tumours. 

Liver disease by Alcohol

Alcohol is filtered through the liver. 

Excessive consumption can cause inflammation and scarring of the liver tissue, which can lead to the liver not functioning properly and toxins remaining in the body. Over time, this can lead to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver.

Prenatal and infant health outcomes in Alcohol

Alcohol consumption while pregnant increases the chances of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which describes a range of conditions that can occur in children exposed to alcohol before birth.

Overweight and Obesity contributes to: 

1.Cardiovascualr disease 

2. Some cancers

3. Type 2 diabetes

4. Chronic kidney disease 

5. Osteoarthritis 

6. Back pain

7. Asthma

8. Mental health issues

9. Dementia

10. Maternal health issues 

Cancer from Overweight and Obesity

Fat cells send signals out to the rest of the body which can lead to inflammation and higher levels of growth hormone being released. Both resulting in a higher rate of cell division, which increases the risk of one of these new cells being an abnormal, cancerous cells

Type 2 Diabetes by Overweight and Obesity

Fat cells release a type of fatty acid into the blood stream that is thought to lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 

Chronic Kidney disease by Overweight and Obesity

Overweight and obesity can increase rates of hypertension due to greater strain on the heart.  Hypertension can constrict the blood vessels in the kidneys, which reduces blood flow to them and reduced kidney function. 

Soluble fibre

absorbs water

Insoluble fibre

Does not absorb moisture

Low intake of fibre can cause:

1. Overweight and obesity 

2. Colorectal cancer 

3. Cardiovascular disease 

4. Type 2 diabetes (reduces absorption of glucose taking pressure of pancreas)

Colorectal cancer from Fibre

Fibre adds bulk to faeces, softens stool and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of abnormal cells developing, especially in the colon and rectum. 

Overweight and obesity from Fibre

Soluble and insoluble fibre not being absorbed by the body, increases feelings of fullness/satiety, which reduces food consumption. Therefore, if people under consume fibre, they feel less full and tend to consume more energy dense foods (high in sugar and saturated fats), thus increasing weight gain, leading to obesity.

Underconsumption of Fruit and Vegetable can cause:

1. Overweight and obesity 

2. Various cancers (keeps the digestive tract clean)

3. Cardiovascular disease 

4. Neural tube defects 

Overweight and obesity from Underconsumption of Fruit and Vegetable

Consuming fruit and vegetables high in fibre instead of energy dense foods (sugars and saturated/trans fats) can make you feel full and can assist with weight management. 

Cardiovascular disease from Underconsumption of Fruit and Vegetable

Fruit and vegetables are a source of antioxidants, which reduce the impact of free radicals in the body. Free radicals damage healthy body cells increasing mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer. 

Neural tube defects from Underconsumption of Fruit and Vegetable

Folate found in fruit and vegetables are necessary for the development of the brain and spinal cord during the prenatal development. 

Underconsumption of folate can contribute to spina bifida, which increased mortality and morbidity in young infants. 

Underconsumption of Dairy can cause:

1. Osteoporosis 

2. Cardiovascular disease 

3. Colorectal cancer 

4. Type 2 diabetes

5. Dental caries 

Osteoporosis from Underconsumption of Dairy

Dairy provides calcium, a mineral essential for the strengthening of bones and the prevention of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis - is a bone disease characterised by weak, porous bones that are susceptible to fracture.

Cardiovascular disease from Underconsumption of Dairy

Dairy is a good source of protein. As protein takes longer to digest, it increases feelings of fullness. Therefore, people will be less likely to consume of energy dense foods, reducing the risk of LDL build up, this reducing cardiovascular disease 

Colorectal cancer from Underconsumption of Dairy

Consuming more than one serve of dairy daily (mainly milk) reduces the risk of developing colorectal polyps, which can develop into colorectal cancer.

Dental caries from Underconsumption of Dairy

Calcium plays a significant role in the hardening of tooth enamel. 

As a result, the underconsumption of dairy foods can mean that teeth are not as strong as they could be, increasing the risk of dental caries.

High intake of fats can cause:

1. Overweight and obesity 

2. Colorectal cancer 

3. Cardiovascular disease and Atherosclerosis 

4. Type 2 diabetes 

Overweight and Obesity from High intake of fats

Excess fat is stored in the body as adipose tissue

Colorectal cancer from High intake of fats

It is believed that a high-fat diet can cause changes in the digestive system that increase inflammation. Inflammation can lead to increased cell division and the risk of cancer.

Cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis from High intake of fats

Saturated fats increase LDL cholesterol in the body. LDLs deposited on blood vessel walls give the blood less room to travel to the cells. These cholesterol deposits allow other substances (such as calcium) to become embedded, leading to hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) . 

High intake of sugar can cause:

1. Overweight and obesity 

2. Dental caries and dental disease 

Overweight and obesity from High intake of sugar

Sugars (glucose) is the body’s preferred source of energy but, if consumed in excess, they are stored as adipose (fat) tissue. Over time, this can lead to weight gain and overweight and obesity. 

Dental caries from High intake of sugar

Sugars provide a food source for bacteria in the mouth,  which produce acids that can contribute to the decay of tooth enamel and the development of dental caries. 

High intake of Salt can cause:

1. Increased blood volume and hypertension

2. Cardiovascular disease 

3. Osteoporosis 

Increased blood volume and hypertension from High intake of Salt

High amounts of sodium draws fluid out of the cells and into the bloodstream. This increases the amount of blood volume in the blood vessels. This places an added strain on the heart, increasing blood pressure and rates of hypertension.

Cardiovascular disease from High intake of Salt

Increased blood volume and hypertension force the heart to work harder. Stroke, heart attack, or heart failure can result if the heart cannot keep up with demand from the body. 

Osteoporosis from High intake of Salt

When excess sodium is filtered through the kidneys, calcium is often removed and excreted in urine as well, which can lead to demineralisation of bones and osteoporosis.

Biological factors

relate to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function. 

Biological factors (ABBBGG)

A - Age

B – Body Weight 

B – Blood Pressure 

B – Blood Cholesterol 

B – Birth Weight (Low birth weight = less than 2.5kg)

G – Glucose Regulation 

G – Genetics (sex and hormones)

Sociocultural factors

relate to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age.

Sociocultural factors – FACCEESSS 

F - Food Security 

A – Access to health care

C – Cultural background

C – Commercial factors 

E – Employment status 

E – Early life experience 

S – SES 

S – Social networks and exclusion 

S – Social Isolation and loneliness

Food Security

Obtaining nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local, non-emergency sources.

Commercial factors

the impact the private sector has on consumption patterns of individuals and groups.

Environmental factors

relate to the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play.

Environmental factors – CHUWG

C - Climate and climate change 

H - Housing 

U - Urban design and infrastructure 

W - Work environment 

G - Geographical location

U – URBAN DESIGN + INFRASTRUCTURE – Health and Wellbeing 

1. Public transport systems can help people access resources such as food, employment, health care and social interaction. 

2. Having access to adequate public spaces means people are more likely to be physically active and find a place for relaxation.