ibrahim's study stuff

Cultural Relativism

The idea that we should understand people’s beliefs and actions based on their own culture, not judge them by our own.

Sydemics

The study of how diseases spread in human societies.

Subfields of Anthropology

Different areas of study in anthropology like cultural, physical, and archaeology.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that your own culture is the best and judging other cultures based on that.

Moral Relativism

The idea that moral rules are not the same for everyone, but depend on culture and society.

Society

A group of people who share common laws, traditions, and customs.

Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)

A collection of information about different cultures to help study human behavior.

Etic Perspective

Looking at a culture from the outside.

Emic Perspective

Looking at a culture from the inside, how people in the culture see it.

Anthropology’s Ethical Concerns

Moral issues anthropologists face, like respecting cultures and people they study.

Formal Interviews

Structured, planned questions.

Informal Interviews

Casual, unplanned conversations.

Structured Interviews

Fixed questions for all people.

Semi-structured Interviews

Some questions are fixed, but others can be added during the interview.

Symbol

Something that stands for something else, like a flag or a word.

Transculturation

When cultures influence each other and blend together.

Ethnobotany

The study of how people use plants for medicine, food, and other purposes.

Cultural Adaptation

How people change to fit their environment or new situations.

Biological Adaptations

How humans change physically to survive in different environments.

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The idea that the language you speak shapes how you think.

Haptics

The study of touch in communication.

Linguistic Anthropology

The study of language and how it connects to culture.

Phonemes

The smallest sounds in a language.

Pidgin

A simplified language that develops between people who don’t share a common language.

Dialect

A variety of a language spoken in a specific region.

Code-Switching

Changing your language or style of speaking based on who you are talking to.

Non-verbal Communication

Communication without words, like body language or facial expressions.

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

Language Development

How people learn to speak and understand language.

Foraging

Hunting, fishing, and gathering wild food.

Horticulture

Growing small gardens of crops with simple tools.

Pastoralism

Raising animals for food, like cattle or sheep.

Food Getting Strategies

The different ways people get their food, like farming, hunting, or gathering.

Marcel Mauss’ Theory

The idea that gifts create social ties and people feel the need to give something in return.

Importance of User Experience Research

Studying how people use things (like websites or apps) to make them better.

Economics

The study of how people make and spend money.

Potlatch

A big feast where people give away gifts to show their wealth and power.

Distribution

How goods and services are shared or spread out in a society.

Role of Peasants

Farmers who work the land and produce food for society.

Role of Horticultural and Foraging Societies

Small-scale societies that grow crops or gather wild food.

Balanced Reciprocity

Giving and receiving gifts or favors in a fair and equal way.

Band Societies

Small, simple groups of people that work together and have no formal leaders.

Tribal Societies

Larger groups with a bit more organization, but still without a government.

Chiefdoms

Societies where one person (a chief) has more power over others.

Bigman

A leader who gets power through respect and generosity, not through inheritance.

Conflict Mediation Among Different Societies

How different cultures solve disputes and conflicts.

Bureaucracy

A system of government with many levels of administration and rules.

State Society

A complex society with a central government and laws.

Role of Political Stability

How a stable government helps society function smoothly.

Yanomamö Warfare

The study of conflict and violence among the Yanomamö people of South America.

Theory on Issues of Power

How power is distributed and used in society.

Middle Precariat Role

The growing group of people in unstable or low-wage jobs.

Gig Economy

Jobs that are temporary or freelance, like driving for Uber or freelancing.

Functionalist Theory

The idea that all parts of society work together to keep things stable.

Social Stratification

The division of society into different layers or classes.

Achieved Status

A position in society earned through actions or accomplishments.

History and Study of Race

Understanding how race has been viewed and studied throughout history.

Study of Modern Genetics, Ethnicity, and Globalization

How genetics and the movement of people affect the way we understand race, identity, and culture today.