Christian Ethics: Test 2

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70 Terms

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deontological theories

1. non-consequentialist
2. whether an act is good or evil is determined by following rules
3. emphasis on rules
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divine command theory
God establishes certain moral laws/guidelines that are naturally binding and are expressed in that religion’s sacred writings
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advantage of divine command theory
morality has a more objective/individual grounding because it is independent of an individual/societies beliefs
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problem of divine command theory
different sacred scriptures exist so which one truly expresses God’s wishes if the texts overlap
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problem of divine command theory
interpretation is necessary which creates a subjective element
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natural law
rules of morality/guidelines of norms are built into nature itself therefore rules are universally available
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Thomas Aquinas

1. 13th century
2. wrote the Summa Theologica
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Summa Theologica

1. God’s laws can be learned in part through solely the use of human reason (not just through scripture)
2. people are created with natural inclinations to certain “ends” (purposes)
3. “ends” are the fulfillment of actions and are governed by laws
4. God only gives good inclinations
5. God’s laws are eternal but can be known as they exist in humans as natural laws
6. natural laws are in everyone and cannot be erased
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biblical basis for natural law

1. Romans 1:18-20
2. Romans 2:12-15
3. Martin Luther King Jr.s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
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Humanae Vitae

1. human life
2. encyclical by Pope Paul VI (1968)
3. addresses regulation of birth
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encyclical
essay written by the Pope about Catholic faith and is offered to Catholics to believe
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Humanae Vitae points

1. economic pressures and technological advancements make is desirable and easier for families to regulate the number of children they have
2. marriage and sex are by nature ordained for procreation and for the union of husband and wife
3. parents must acknowledge it is their duty to God, themselves, and society
4. marital union and potential procreation cannot be separated


1. cannot *intentionally* avoid conception through *unnatural* means
5. sex itself is noble and is not illegitimate in the case of infertility
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implications of the Humanae Vitae: ruled out

1. abortion - even for therapeutic purposes
2. sterilization - permanent or temporary
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implications of the Humanae Vitae: ruled in
observing natural cycles of reproductive system like natural family planning
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negative consequences of artificial birth control
the potential abuse by public authorities to control population growth
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strength of the Humanae Vitae
not limited by competing religious texts
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strength of the Humanae Vitae
universal scope that applies to all humans regardless of religion
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strength of the Humanae Vitae
affirms moral standards are based in reality and are “objective”
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problem of the Humanae Vitae
just because something is a certain way doesn’t mean that it is good
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problem of the Humanae Vitae
though it is “objective” our subjective understanding of implications vary
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how is covenant ethics different from divine command theory?

1. not just a list of rules from scripture
2. relationships of lasting commitment in which rules are part of faithfulness to the covenant
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how is covenant ethics different from natural law?

1. not just locating moral laws in an order that is a part of reality


1. locates the moral rules in a relationship of faithfulness between people or between individuals and God
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covenant ethics

1. covenant rules often require more specific things of a person and impose obligations that are not universal
2. moral standards you must oblige to be a part of a group
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deontological ethics are compatible

1. divine command: rule presented in Bible and directly commanded by God
2. natural law: people recognize the rule as a violation of consequences and natural order of a human relationship
3. covenant: rule is a part of a covenant relationship in which the tradition of interpretation helps people understand its meaning
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divine command theory emphasis

1. God’s authority distinguishes between right and wrong
2. God’s revelation tells us which is which
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natural law emphasis
connection between how we live as reasonable humans and natural order in which God placed us
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covenant emphasis
calls attention to how the rules shape our identity as persons in a community
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what do deontological theories have in common?

1. moral rules are objective
2. we are obliged to follow them whether or not they fit with our preferences of who we want to be


1. they exist independently of our own thinking about them
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areteological ethics

1. virtue ethics
2. emphasis on kind of person one is
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history of areteological ethics

1. greek philosophy


1. Plato wrote about virtues but more significant in works of Aristotle
2. Christian appropriations


1. Christian moral theology incorporated Greek ideas of virtues
2. Thomas Aquinas
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virtue ethics

1. 3rd kind of normative ethics but can be combined with teleological/deontological
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virtue ethics combats modern period

1. gained popularity in the late 1950’s because of dissatisfaction with other approaches to ethics
2. modern ethics did not pay attention to the kind of person one becomes but more attention on consequences
3. Alasdair Macintyre: modern ethics produced only disagreements
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what is virtue ethics: basis

1. what I ought to *do* is related to who I ought to *be*
2. emphasizes character of person who makes the decision or acts
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virtue

1. desirable character trait that guides individual decisions over a period of time
2. example: honesty, compassion
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what is virtue ethics: learned skill

1. moral life should cultivate virtues that ultimately influence decisions/actions and make decisions based on the virtues they cultivate
2. it is acquired through practice/repetition to form a habit
3. it is acquired in communities that shape character
4. influence the way a person tends to act
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Christian contribution to virtue ethics

1. sin is the primary obstacle for living a moral life
2. sin means something is fundamentally wrong with humans and they cannot remedy the problem on their own
3. cultivating virtues does not “happen” just because someone wants it
4. virtues are attainable because God offers grace to humans through Christ and the Holy Spirit
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Christian contribution to virtue ethics summarized
any Christian approach to virtue ethics considers both human sinfulness and God’s grace
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cardinal virtues

1. moral life turns on these 4 virtues like a hinge
2. prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance
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prudence

1. wisdom, insight
2. practice of sound judgement/decision making
3. process of deliberation and execution
4. necessary for all other virtues to be practiced to perfection
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justice

1. giving to all what is due to them
2. 2 aspects: abstaining from evil towards others and doing good to others
3. foundation of perfect love
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fortitude

1. courage
2. doing good despite obstacles (even at risk of own life)
3. manifests both as counteracting evil and enduring evil
4. related to perseverance and patience
5. not rash or impulsivity
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temperance

1. restraining natural desires/appetites
2. allows experience of pleasure within reasonable limits


1. moderation not abstinence
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theological virutes

1. Christian moral theology adds them to moral virtues
2. given to us by God to assist our relationship with God and others
3. 1 Corinthians 13:13
4. those practicing these virtues are described as “beginner”, “advanced”, “perfect”
5. faith, hope, and love (most important)
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faith: beginner
strengthen the basics of belief by studying Christian teaching and avoid anti-Christian ideas
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faith: advanced
be able to evaluate all things in life through the lens of Christian values and belief
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faith: perfect
experience gifts from the Holy Spirit affecting knowledge, understanding, and insight
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hope: beginner
place confidence in God and shift attention from earthly things to eternal things
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hope: advanced
no longer preoccupied with anxiety about the future
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hope: perfect
unshakeable peace and serenity and does not fear death - only reverence for the Lord
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love: beginner
since charity is love in which we love God, one performs basic acts of worship
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love: advanced
loves others “in God” - loves everyone without exception
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love: perfect
love of even enemies and can have complete forgiveness of others
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advantage of virtue ethics
emphasizes character traits and importance of developing virtues in our own lives
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advantage of virtue ethics
encourages one to consider larger scope of moral life, not just isolated decisions
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advantage of virtue ethics
reminds us of importance community and early training of virtues
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problem with virtue ethics
cultural relativism
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response to objection of virtue ethics
cultural relativism is a challenge, but it is also a problem for the other 2 normative approaches
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response to objection of virtue ethics
through cultural understanding of the virtues may vary, the virtues themselves are not relative to culture
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response to objection of virtue ethics
so be it, any account of virtues must derive from community in which those virtues are to be practiced
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problem with virtue ethics
virtue ethics does not tell people exactly what they should do, but this is usually what people want
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Holy Spirit
Paul declares this - rather than the law - gives life
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Scripture
Christian ethics is based primarily on this
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cross and ressurection
Paul saw this as the new moral dynamic that Christians enjoy
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salvation
in the early church (especially Paul) this is the basis of moral life
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Ethic of the Kingdom
Jesus replaced the ethic of his contemporaries with an ethic associated with this
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righteousness
Instead of searching for the good life and cultivating virtues, the Hebrews were concerned with this
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covenant with God
this is the basic theme of the ethical life in the Hebrew scriptures
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Christlikeness
Paul saw this as the goal of a moral life
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Jewish religious leaders
the context of Jesus’ ethical teaching is his conflict with these people
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1. foundation of ethical life
2. human merit and divine rewards
3. who actually are the people of God
4. intent of the law
list the four ethical issues over which Jesus disagreed with his contemporaries