fascism

militarism

• a country should use military force to aggressively defend/promote national interest

totalitarianism

• power is held by one single party that rules w absolute authority

authoritarianism

• favouring/enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedoms

fascism

• authoritarian, right wing

nationalism

• loyalty + devotion to one’s own land

• focuses on promotion of cultural interests + self governance of land

imperialism

• state of practice for extending power + influence through gaining control of political, economic + cultural control of other countries

dictator

• ruler w compete control over a country typically through force

demagogue

• political leader who seeks support by appealing to a population’s desires + prejudices rather than their rational judges

key features of fascism

• distaste for democracy < dictatorship

• glorification of war + violence

• support for imperialism + belief that some countries have a right to rule over others

• interests of state > indiv. needs of pop. —> no equality

• violent opposition to communism + socialism

• focus on nationalism w idea of expansionism through aggression

reichstag

• lower house of prlt.

anschluss

• political/economic union of germany + austria

• forbidden in ToV

• carried out by Hitler in 1938

diktat

• dictated/imposed

• ToV was forced upon germany

frakorps

• free corps

• military union formed in 1918

• made up of ex-soldiers

• used in confrontations w extremist left + spartacists 1919

putsch

• attempt to overthrow govt. by force

weimar republic

• german democracy 1918 - 1933

• named after town Weimar where prlt. first met in 1919

ToV (general)

• signed 1919

• signed by ‘big 3’

  • David Lloyd

  • Georges Clemenceau

  • Woodrow Wilson

allied casualties

• britain

  • dead - 750K

  • wounded - 1.5M

• france

  • dead - 1.4M

  • wounded - 2.5M

• america

  • dead - 116K

central powers casualites

• germany

  • dead - 2M

• austria-hungary

  • dead - 1.2M

• turkey

  • dead - 325K

physical effects of ww1 (germany)

• farm production @ 50% capacity

• blockades stopped food from entering

• ~750K dies from hunger + disease

political effects

• weak reichstag

• lower class had no voice

• no opposition to Kaiser

• opposition imprisoned

psychological effects of ww1 (germany)

• disillusioned

• looking for a scapegoat

rise in anarchy

• demobilised soldier took part in violent demonstrations against war + Kaiser

• pre 1919 germany was essentially a dictatorship

• navy mutinied + food riots

weimar republic

• Kaiser fled to holland after signing of armistice 1918

• formed in Feb 1919

• good democracy

• had bill of rights

  • gave vote to all men + women over 21

  • proportional representation voting

  • had president (Friedrich Ebert) but elected by national assembly, not by people

rise of extremist ideas

• fuelled by economic hardship, political instability + lingering effects of war

• rise of fascism + communism

• GD, perceived failure of WR, ww1 + sense of alienation contributed to appeal

rise of fascism

• first introduced in italy

• wanted strong leadership + national unity in a period of internal conflict

• led by Mussolini (1922-43)

• other revolutions seen all across europe

appeal of fascism

• rejected socialism, capitalism + democracy

• single party dictatorship

• terrorism + police surveillance

• focused on ethnicity + racial superiority

• bitterness + anger created by WW1 + GD —> ideology that a nation was important + had destined role in history

nazism

• germany looking for hope + stability in GD

• National Socialist German Workers Party Jan 1919

• intense nationalism + dictatorial rule

failure of LoN

• seen through Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931

• China appealed to LoN for support

• LoN Japan should leave Manchuria to operate as a semi independent country

• Japan didn’t accept + resigned 1933

• no obligation to remain in LoN if disagreements in rulings

• didn’t have own armed forces + depended on other countries for military support