Kinesiology and Biomechanics

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34 Terms

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Kinesiology
The study of human movement.
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Biomechanics
The application of mechanics to human movement.
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Optimize performance, prevent injury, restore function.

Goals of biomechanics

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Planes of motion
Frontal (Coronal), Sagittal, Transverse (Horizontal).
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Movements in the frontal plane
Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, radial/ulnar deviation, inversion/eversion.
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Movements in the sagittal plane
Flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion.
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Movements in the transverse plane
Rotation, pronation, supination, horizontal abduction/adduction.
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Agonist muscle
The prime mover responsible for motion.
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Antagonist muscle
The muscle that opposes movement.
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Stabilizer muscle
A muscle that holds a joint steady.
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Neutralizer muscle
A muscle that prevents unwanted movement.
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Law of Inertia

An object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

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Law of Acceleration

→ Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = ma).

Example: A heavier barbell requires more force to lift.

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Law of Action-Reaction

→ For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Osteokinematics
The study of bone movement at a joint.
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Arthrokinematics
The study of small joint movements (roll, glide, spin).
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Concave-convex rule
Convex on concave → Moves in the opposite direction. Concave on convex → Moves in the same direction.
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Active Range of Motion (AROM)
Movement performed by the individual using their own muscles.
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Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
Movement assisted by an external force.
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Factors affecting ROM
Joint structure, ligament elasticity, muscle tightness, pain, injury.
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Force
A push or pull that causes displacement.
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Net force
The overall effect of all forces acting on a body.
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weight (W)

= mass × gravity (9.81 m/s²).

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Torque (T)

The rotational force applied to an object

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Compression

A squeezing force on the body

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Tension
A pulling force (e.g., muscles pulling on bones).
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Shear

A sliding force (e.g., knee joint during landing).
* force parallel to surface

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Torsion
A twisting force (e.g., pronation & supination of the forearm).
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Three types of levers
First-class (EAR), Second-class (ERA), Third-class (REA).
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First-class lever (EAR) example
Seesaw, head nodding.
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Second-class lever (ERA) example
Plantar flexion (calf raise).
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Third-class lever (REA) example
Bicep curl (most common in the body).
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Open Kinematic Chain (OKC)
Distal end moves freely (e.g., leg extension).
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Closed Kinematic Chain (CKC)
Distal end is fixed (e.g., squats, push-ups).