Hist Final Study Guide

Caudillos

Strong, authoritarian leaders who maintain personal power through charisma, coercion, and violence, rather than democratic institutions.

Porfirio Díaz

Mexican military leader and dictator who ruled from 1876 to 1911, modernized Mexico but entrenched inequality.

Tienda de raya

Company stores where workers were paid in credit or scrip rather than money, perpetuating cycles of debt.

Mexican Revolution

A social and political upheaval from 1910 to 1920 aimed at overthrowing Díaz, leading to land redistribution and labor rights.

Flores Magón brothers

Radical Mexican intellectuals advocating anarchism and socialism during the early Mexican Revolution.

Francisco I. Madero

Mexican revolutionary leader and president (1911–1913) who opposed Díaz and championed democratic reforms.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary general who led a peasant movement in southern Mexico, advocating land reform.

Constitution of 1917 (Mexico)

Groundbreaking document including land reforms, labor rights, and social rights as part of the legal framework.

Álvaro Obregón

Key military leader during the Mexican Revolution who later became president (1920–1924) and implemented land reforms.

Lázaro Cárdenas

President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940 known for land redistribution policies and nationalization of the oil industry.

José Vasconcelos

Mexican intellectual who promoted education and the idea of La Raza Cósmica, advocating cultural integration.

Diego Rivera

Mexican painter and muralist known for murals depicting revolutionary ideals and social justice.

The 'Cosmic Race'

Concept by José Vasconcelos proposing a new, mixed race leading to universal civilization.

Great Depression

Worldwide economic downturn starting in 1929, causing shifts towards state-controlled economies in Latin America.

Fascism

Authoritarian political ideology emphasizing nationalism, dictatorial leadership, and suppression of opposition.

Benito Mussolini

Founder of Italian fascism and dictator from 1922 to 1943, characterized by nationalism and totalitarian control.

Mein Kampf

Autobiographical manifesto of Adolf Hitler outlining his political ideas and vision for Nazi Germany.

Falange

Spanish fascist political movement founded in the 1930s, integral to Francisco Franco's dictatorship.

José Antonio Primo de Rivera

Founder of the Spanish Falange and key figure in Spain's rise to authoritarianism.

Estado Novo (Spain)

Francisco Franco's authoritarian regime marked by repression and nationalism.

Francisco Franco

Spanish dictator from 1939 to 1975, known for his fascist-style regime and suppression of opposition.

Pilar Primo de Rivera

Leader of the Sección Femenina, supported traditional values regarding women's roles under Franco's regime.

José Carlos Mariátegui

Peruvian Marxist intellectual advocating for the inclusion of indigenous struggles in revolutionary movements.

CONAIE

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, advocating for indigenous rights and cultural preservation.

Scientific Racism

Pseudo-scientific ideology using biology to justify racial hierarchies and discrimination.

Indigenismo

Cultural and political movement elevating indigenous roles and identities in Latin America.

Mestizaje

Cultural concept of racial and ethnic mixing, especially in Latin America.

Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (GRFA)

Military-led Peruvian government from 1968 to 1980 focused on agrarian reform and wealth redistribution.

Juan Velasco

Leader of the GRFA in Peru who introduced progressive reforms and nationalized key industries.

Día del Indio/Campesino (Peru)

A day celebrating indigenous and rural communities in Peru, acknowledging their contributions and struggles.

Pachakutik

Indigenous political movement in Ecuador advocating for rights, social justice, and environmental protection.

William Walker

American filibuster who attempted to establish a pro-slavery regime in Nicaragua in the 1850s.

José Santos Zelaya

Nicaraguan president known for liberal reforms and resisting U.S. influence.

Augusto César Sandino

Nicaraguan revolutionary leader opposing U.S. military occupation in the 1920s and 1930s.

Guardia Nacional/National Guard (Nicaragua)

Military force in Nicaragua that became the main tool of the Somoza dictatorship.

Anastasio Somoza García

Nicaraguan dictator ruling from 1936 to 1956, known for repression and corruption.

Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN)

Socialist revolutionary group that overthrew the Somoza dictatorship in 1979.

Contra War

A U.S.-backed conflict in the 1980s in Nicaragua, where Contra rebels fought against the Sandinista government. The war was part of the Cold War context and sought to reverse the Sandinista revolution.

Liberation Theology

A Catholic movement in Latin America that focuses on social justice and the liberation of the poor. It advocates for political activism to end poverty and oppression, often aligned with leftist ideologies.

Mario Boza

A Costa Rican ecotourism pioneer known for promoting sustainable tourism that protects the environment and benefits local communities. He helped establish Costa Rica as a leader in ecotourism.

Ecotourism

A form of responsible travel that focuses on visiting natural areas, conserving the environment, and supporting the well-being of local communities. It promotes sustainability and seeks to minimize the negative impacts of tourism.

Greenwashing

The practice of marketing products or policies as environmentally friendly while making only superficial or misleading environmental claims, often for commercial gain. It can involve exaggerating the environmental benefits of products or projects.