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Physiology
The branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work or function
Anatomy
The study of the shape and structure of body parts
Homeostasis
The tendency of the body’s systems to maintain a relatively constant or balanced internal environment
Metabolism
The term that indicates all chemical reactions occurring in the body
Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes
Urinary
Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland
Endocrine
Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act
Skeletal
Protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage
Integumentary
Includes the heart
Cardiovascular
Protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells
Lymphatic/Immune
Breaks down foodstuffs into small particles that can be absorbed
Digestive
Removes carbon dioxide from the blood
Respiratory
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
Cardiovasular
Moves the limbs; allows facial expression
Muscular
Conserves body water or eliminates excesses
Urinary
Provides for conception and childbearing
Reproductive
Controls the body with chemicals called hormones
Endocrine
Is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn
Integumentary
Blood vessels, heart
Cardiovascular
Pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland
Endocrine
Kidneys, bladder, ureters
Urinary
Testis, vas deferens, urethra
Reproductive
Esophagus, large intestine, rectum
Digestive
Breastbone, vertebral column, skull
Skeletal
Brain, nerves, sensory receptors
Nervous
Keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external environment
Maintenance of Boundaries
Provides new cells for growth and repair
Reproduction
Occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities
Growth
The tuna sandwich you have just eaten is broken down to its chemical building blocks
Digestion
Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys
Excretion
Ability to react to stimuli; a major role of the nervous system
Responsiveness
Walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle
Movement
All chemical reactions occurring in the body
Metabolism
At the cellular level, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin
Maintenance of Boundaries
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals
Nutrients
Essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing
Atmospheric Pressure
Single substance accounting for over 60% of body weight
Water
Required for the release of energy from foodstuffs
Oxygen
Provides the basis for body fluids of all types
Water
When too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional
Appropriate body temperature
Armpit
Axillary
Thigh region
Femoral
Buttock area
Gluteal
Neck region
Cervical
“Belly button” area
Umbilical
Genital area
Pubic
Anterior aspect of elbow
Antecubital
Posterior aspect of head
Occipital
Area where trunk meets thigh
Inguinal
Back area from ribs to hips
Scapular
Pertaining to the cheek
Buccal
Removal of the uterus, womb
Ventral, Pelvic
Coronary bypass surgery (heart surgery)
Ventral, Thoracic
Removal of a serious brain tumor
Dorsal, cranial
A stomach ulcer operation
Ventral, Abdominal
Stomach
Abdominopelvic
Small intestine
Abdominopelvic
Large intestine
Abdominopelvic
Spleen
Abdominopelvic
Liver
Abdominopelvic
Spinal cord
Spinal
Bladder
Abdominopelvic
Trachea
Thoracic
Lungs
Thoracic
Pituitary gland
Cranial
Rectum
Abdominopelvic
Ovaries
Abdominopelvic
Forms mucous, serous, and epidermal membranes
Epithelium
Allows for organ movements within the body
Muscle
Transmits electrochemical impulses
Nervous
Supports body organs
Connective
Cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances
Epithelium
Basis of the major controlling system of the body
Nervous
The cells of this tissue shorten to exert force
Muscle
Forms hormones
Epirthelium
Packages and protects body organs
Connective
Characterized by having large amounts of nonliving amounts nonliving matrix
Connective
Allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and shoot an arrow
Muscle
Most widely distributed tissue type in the body
Connective
Forms the brain and spinal cord
Nervous
Lines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermis
stratified squamous
Forms the lining of the stomach and small intestine
simple columnar
Best suited for areas subjected to friction
stratified squamous
Lines much of the respiratory tract
pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
Propels substance (e.g., mucus) across its substance
pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
Found in the bladder lining; peculiar cells that slide over one another
transitional
Forms thin serous membranes; a single layer of flatenned cells
simple squamous
Voluntarily controlled
Skeletal
Involuntarily controlled
Cardiac, smooth
Banded appearance
Skeletal
Single nucleus in each cell
Cardiac, smooth
Multinucleate
Skeletal
Found attached to bones
Skeletal
Allows you to direct your eyeballs
Skeletal
Found in the walls of stomach, uterus, and arteries
Smooth
Contains spindle-shaped cells
Smooth
Contains cylindrical cells with branching ends
Skeletal
Contains long, nonbranching cylindrical cells
Skeletal
Displays intercalated disks
Cardiac
Concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole
Cardiac
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