AP AFAM - Unit 1 Sources

Black Studies National Conference Program

- National Council for Black Studies established in 1975

- African American scholars came together to formalize the study of the African diasporic experience and expand academic units and community programs for this cause

- First annual conference for NCBS held at the University of North Carolina in 1975

Medicine and Transportation

- Thelma Johnson Streat (1942 - 1944)

- Acknowledged and celebrated African American contributions to the fields of medicine and transportation

Outcast

- Claude McKay (1922)

- Deals with identity and navigating his African heritage

- He feels homesick for his native country

- The racism that he experienced in the U.S increases this longing

- He no longer belongs in Jamaica or America, that he has been away from Jamaica for so long that he no longer belongs anywhere

Map showing the major climate regions of Africa

- As the second largest continent, Africa is geographically diverse

- Variations in climate facilitated diverse opportunities for trade

• Desert & semiarid areas: herders often nomadic and some traded salt

• Sahel: people traded livestock.

• Savannas: people cultivated grain crops

• Tropical rainforests: people grew kola trees and yams and traded gold

Map showing the movement of Bantu people, languages, and technologies

- Technological and agricultural innovations led to population growth of West and Central African peoples

- Led to migrations throughout Africa called the Bantu expansion (1500 BCE - 500 CE)

- Bantu peoples developed new technologies (i.e., ironworking & agriculture)

- Bantu-speaking peoples’ linguistic influences spread throughout Africa

Image of Aksumite coin showing King Ezana

- c. 300–340

- Aksum first African society to adopt Christianity under leadership of King Ezana

- Reveals the availability of gold and luxury items in Ancient East Africa, which were used in trade

Image of Nok sculpture

- c. 900 BCE–200 CE

- Naturalistic sculptures of animals and of people with various hairstyles and jewelry

- Nok society first iron-working society

- Meticulousness of sculptures and their potential themes (wisdom, solemnity, etc.) reveal the sophistication of the Nok society 

Map of Africa’s kingdoms and empires

- c. 600-1600 CE

- Ancient Ghana located in present-day Mauritania and Mali

- Present-day Republic of Ghana embraced name of the ancient empire when it achieved independence from colonial rule (1957)

Catalan Atlas

- By Abraham Cresques (1375)
- Details wealth and influence of Mansa Musa and the Mali Empire based on perspective of a cartographer from Spain

- Musa adorned with gold crown and orb

- Conveys influence of Islam on West African societies and the function of Mali as a center for trade and cultural exchange

Image of Mali equestrian figure

- 13th–15th century

- Give a sense of people charged with their   protection

- Man and horse defined by strong vertical and horizontal lines. Thus, the quiver slung diagonally across rider’s back was emblematic of royal power

The Sunjata Story—Glimpse of a Mande Epic

- A griot performance of The Epic of Sundiata (video)

- Mande griots/the jeli: preserved history through oral traditions

- Epic of Sundiata recounts early life of Sundiata Keita (founder of Mali Empire) and preserves the early history of Mande people

“Osain del Monte - Abbilona” (video)

- Osain del Monte worshipped by some as the “owner of nature”, a saint of the Yoruba religion

- These are spiritual songs worshipping the diety “Osain” → Used in ceremonies of consecration and purification

- The songs evokes his presence to purify the herbs used in healings.

Images of Great Zimbabwe’s walls and stone enclosures

- 12th–15th century

- Offered military defense and served as a hub for long- distance trade

- Important symbol of prominence, autonomy, and agricultural advancements of the Shona kings (Shona = people of Kingdom of Zimbabwe) and early African societies

Map showing Indian Ocean trade routes from the Swahili Coast

- c. 600-1600

- Swahili Coast (named for the Arabic word for coast Sawahil) stretched from Somalia to Mozambique

- Coastal location of its city-states linked Africa's interior oto the Arab, Persian, Indian and Chinese trading communities

Excerpt of letter from Nzinga Mbemba to Portuguese King João III

- 1526

- Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I): son of King Nzinga a Nkuwu (João I) of Kingdom of Kongo

- Mbemba urged an end to the slave trade in letter

Image of triple crucifix

- 16th - 19th century

- Illustrates how people of the Kongo engaged with Christian dogma AND with the European artistic forms that arrived in their land with the new religion

Illustration of Queen Njinga

- 1754

- Queen of kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba (present-day northern Angola)

- Engaged in guerilla warfare against Portuguese

- Participated in slave trade to amass wealth and political influence

- Expanded Matamba’s military → offered sanctuary to those who escaped Portuguese enslavement and joined her forces

- Her influence led to led to ~ 100 more years of women rulers in Matamba

Image of Queen Mother Pendant Mask: Iyoba

- 16th century

- Made for the King/Oba Esigie, the king of Benin, to honor his mother, Idia

- Oba may have worn it at rites commemorating his mother; today such pendants are worn at annual ceremonies of spiritual renewal and purification

Chafariz d’El Rey (The King’s Fountain)

- 1570–1580

- Depicts João de Sá Panasco, an African Portuguese knight of the Order of Saint James

- Illustrates substantial presence of Africans and the range of roles they played in urban Iberian port cities in the 16th century 

- Shows the interchange between African and European societies well before the height of the transatlantic slave trade