Anatomy Test 1 Study Guide

Osteogenesis imperfecta

________: also called brittle bone disease, a disorder in which the bone matrix contains inadequate collagen, putting it a risk for shattering.

Sarcoma cancer

________ arising in the mesenchyme- derived tissues, that is, in connective tissues and muscle.

Epidermolysis bullosa

________ (EB): a group of hereditary disorders characterized by inadequate or faulty synthesis of keratin, collagen, and /or basement membrane "cement "that results in lack of cohesion between layers of the skin and mucosa.

arrector pili muscle

A(n) ________ can cause a hair to stand up straight.

Cold sores

________ (fever blisters): small fluid- filled blisters that itch or hurt; usually occur around the lips and in the mucosa of the mouth.

Rickets

________: analogous disease in children /young bones are still growing /bowed legs and deformities /caused by insufficient calcium in diet or by a vitamin D deficiency.

Autoimmune disease redness

________ is caused by additional blood flow.

Flagella

________: also projections formed by centrioles, but are longer than cilia (sperm)

Anne

________ is a 63 year old woman who recently fell and broke her hip.

VAC

________ (vacuum- assisted closure): innovative healing process for open- skin wounds and skin ulcers.

Decubitus ulcer

________: localized breakdown and ulceration of skin due to interference with its blood supply.

Rickets

________: analogous disease in children /young bones are still growing /bowed legs and deformities /caused by insufficient calcium in diet or by a vitamin D deficiency.

Pedal

________ is an anatomical synonym of.

Osteomyelitis

________: inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus- forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound, or spread from an infection near the bone.

Autopsy

________: examination of the body, its organs, and its tissues after death to determine the cause of death; also called postmortem examination and necropsy.

Microvilli

________: tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface; increase plasma membrane surface area and are most often found on surface of absorptive cells.

Porphyria

________: a group of inherited disorders in which certain enzymes needed to form the heme of hemoglobin of blood are abnormal.

Clinical signs

________ include loose- jointedness, long limbs, and spider like fingers and toes, visual problems, and weakened blood vessels due to poor connective tissue reinforcement.

Pathology

________: scientific study of changes in organs and tissues produced by disease.

fissure lines

The ________ are running vertically and it was cut perpendicular causing scar tissue.

Wolffs law

________ is concerned with the shape of a bone being determined by mechanical stresses placed on it.

Sebum

________ lubricates the surface of the skin and hair, consists of cell fragments and fatty substances, in excess may cause seborrhea.

Dermatology

________: the branch of medicine that studies and treats disorders of the skin.

Keloid

________: abnormal proliferation of connective tissue during healing of skin wounds; results in large mass of scar tissue at the skin surface.

Osteoblasts

________: actively produce and secrete bone matrix /bone matrix is osteoid.

Osteomalacia

________ in a woman is not uncommon in Muslim nations.

central axis

The scar is "lumpy "and at a right angle to the ________ of the body.

epithelium

A(n) ________ that has several layers, with an apical layer of flattened cells, is called (choose all that apply): stratified and squamous.

organic portion of matrix

The ________ is important in providing all but: hardness /provides tensile strength, ability to resist stretch, and flexibility.

Osteoblasts

________: actively produce and secrete bone matrix /bone matrix is osteoid.

Impetigo

________: pink, fluid- filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture.

Eczema

________: a skin rash characterized by itching, blistering, oozing, and scaling of the skin.

adenomas

In adults, over 90 % of all cancers are either ________ (adenocarcinomas) or carcinomas.

Psoriasis

________: a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by raised, reddened epidermal patches covered with silvery scales that itch or burn, crack, and sometimes bleed or become infected.

Chronic physical irritation or inflammation can lead to excessive hair growth in the region affected due to an increase in blood flow to the area.

Your coworker has the nervous habit of chewing on his finger atop the first metacarpal.

Reticular fibers

________: thin collagen (framework of spleen and lymph nodes)

Boils

________ and carbuncles: inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands in which an infection has spread to the underlying subcutaneous tissue.

Dynein

________ is missing from the cilia and flagella of individual with a specific inherited disease.

Diaphysis

________:"shaft "of a bone.

Albinism

________: inherited condition in which melanocytes do not synthesize melanin owing to a lack of tyrosinase.

Contact dermatitis

________: itching, redness, and swelling, progressing to blister formation; caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that provoke an allergic response in sensitive individuals.

Carcinoma

________: cancer arising in epithelium; accounts for 90 % of human cancers.

Marfans

________ syndrome: genetic disease resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues due to a defect in fibrillin, a protein that is associated with elastin in elastic fibers.

keratin

The epidermis provides a(n) physical barrier due largely to the presence of: keratin.

Osteoporosis

________: refers to a group of diseases in which bones become porous and light /bones become so fragile that they can break from simple things /occurs most often in postmenopausal women.

Osteocytes

________: keep bone matrix healthy; responsible for resorption of bone; are derived from a line of white blood cells; secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes.

physiology

Function (________) reflects structure (anatomy); structure will determine and /or influence function.

Osteomalacia

________: includes a number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized /osteoid is produced bu calcium salts are not adequately deposited, so bones are soft and weak /caused by insufficient calcium in diet or by a vitamin D deficiency.

Osteoporosis

________: refers to a group of diseases in which bones become porous and light /bones become so fragile that they can break from simple things /occurs most often in postmenopausal women.

The correct sequence of the levels forming the structural hierarchy is

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

The structural and functional unit of life is

a cell

All of these

movement, growth, metabolism, responsiveness

Distal

the elbow/ the wrist

Lateral

the hip bone/ the umbilicus

Superior

the nose/ the chin

Anterior

the toes/ the heel

Superficial

the scalp/ the skull

Terms that apply to the backside of the body in the anatomical position include

Posterior; dorsal

Define homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal conditions within a narrow set of limits; even in the face of continuous change in the outside world

Define plane and section

A plane refers to an imaginary flat surface, and a section refers to a cut along that imaginary surface

Provide the anatomical term that correctly names each of the following body regions

a) arm-brachial , b) thigh-femoral , c) chest-thoracic , d) fingers and toes-digits , e) the anterior aspect of the knee-patellar

Negative feedback

output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity/ causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of initial change; control of blood sugar by insulin

Positive Feedback

initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater; giving birth

Cilia

whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers, on exposed surfaces of certain cells; moves substances in one directional across cell surfaces ( in respiratory tract cilia propel mucus laden with dust an bacteria upward away from lungs)

Flagella

also projections formed by centrioles, but are longer than cilia (sperm)

Microvilli

tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface; increase plasma membrane surface area and are most often found on surface of absorptive cells

Tissue type composed largely of nonliving extracellular matrix; important in protection and support

connective tissue

The tissue immediately responsible for body movement

muscular tissue

The tissue enables us to be aware of the external environment and react to it

nervous tissue

An epithelium that has several layers, with an apical layer of flattened cells, is called (choose all that apply)

stratified and squamous

The gland type that secretes products such as milk, saliva, bile, or sweat through a duct is

exocrine gland

The membrane which lines body cavities that open to the exterior is a

mucous membrane

Adenoma

any neoplasm of glandular epithelium, benign or malignant

Autopsy

examination of the body, its organs, and its tissues after death to determine the cause of death; also called postmortem examination and necropsy

Carcinoma

cancer arising in epithelium; accounts for 90% of human cancers

Healing by intention

the simplest type of healing; occurs when the edges of a wound are brought together by sutures, staples, or other means used to close surgical incisions

Healing by second intention

the wound edges remain separated, and relatively large amounts of granulation tissue bridge the gap; the manner in which unattended wounds heal

Keloid

abnormal proliferation of connective tissue during healing of skin wounds; results in large mass of scar tissue at the skin surface

Marfans syndrome

genetic disease resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues due to a defect in fibrillin, a protein that is associated with elastin in elastic fibers

Pathology

scientific study of changes in organs and tissues produced by disease

Pus

a collection of tissue fluid, bacteria, dead and dying tissue cells, white blood cells, and macrophages in an inflamed area

Scurvy

a nutritional deficiency caused by lack of adequate vitamin C needed to synthesize collagen; signs and symptoms include blood vessel disruption, delay in wound healing, weakness of scar tissue, and loosening of teeth

VAC (vacuum-assisted closure)

innovative healing process for open-skin wounds and skin ulcers

Simple squamous

allows for transfer of material

Stratified squamous

resists abrasion

Transitional

accommodates for changes in organ shape

Tight junctions

close off intercellular space

Macrophages

digest bacteria and debris

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Mast cells

secrete heparin and histamine

Reticular fibers

thin collagen (framework of spleen and lymph nodes)

Elastic

stretch and recoil

The epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of

keratin

Skin color is determined by

the amount of blood, pigments, and oxygenation level of blood

The sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by receptors located in the

dermis

The product of this type of sweat gland includes protein and lipid substances that become odoriferous as a result of bacterial action

apocrine gland

Albinism

inherited condition in which melanocytes do not synthesize melanin owing to a lack of tyrosinase

Boils and carbuncles

inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands in which an infection has spread to the underlying subcutaneous tissue

Cold sores (fever blisters)

small fluid-filled blisters that itch or hurt; usually occur around the lips and in the mucosa of the mouth

contact dermatitis

itching, redness, and swelling, progressing to blister formation; caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that provoke an allergic response in sensitive individuals