Anatomy Test 1 Study Guide

This system forms the external body covering.Integumentary
This system transports blood to all body tissues.
Cardiovascular
This system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Urinary
Its organs secrete hormones that help regulate homeostasis. Endocrine
This is the fastest acting system of the body. Nervous
The cervical region is_______. Inferior(below the head) to cephalic region
Pedal is an anatomical synonym of _______. Foot
A lay term for the femoral region is ______. thigh
As you might guess, the antebrachial region refers to the ______. forearm
Dorsum refers to the ______. back
The head is _____ to the abdomen. superior
Your chest is _____ to your back. Anterior
The word for “away from the midline of the body” is _____. Lateral
The word for “away from, and more internal to, the surface of the body” is _____. Deep
The word for “on the same side of the body” is ______. Ipsilateral
If a forearm is stroked from the wrist to the elbow, in which direction is such action taken? Proximal
The word for “toward or at the body surface” is ______. Superficial
The popliteal region is _____ to the femoral region. Distal
In anatomical position, the coxal region is _____ to the inguinal region. Lateral
If the left side of the brain controls a specific action of the right arm, the orientation of this cerebral control is _____. Contralateral
The spinal cord is located in ______. The vertebral cavity
Most of the liver is located in the ____ abdominal quadrant. Right upper
The outermost layer of the wall of the lungs consists of the ______. Visceral pleura
A human body is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the ____ body plane. frontal(coronal)
Which of the following medical imaging techniques is effective and routinely used to visualize broken bones? X-ray imaging
PET, or positron emission tomography, uses radioactive isotopes to monitor____. specific regions of cellular activity

The correct sequence of the levels forming the structural hierarchy is: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
The structural and functional unit of life is: a cell
Which of the following is a major functional characteristic of all organisms? All of these: movement, growth, metabolism, responsiveness
Two of these organ systems bear the major responsibility for ensuring homeostasis of the internal environment. Which two? Nervous and endocrine
In a-e, a directional term is followed by terms indicating different body structures or locations. In each case, choose the structure or organ that matches the given directional term:
Distal: the elbow/ the wrist
Lateral: the hip bone/ the umbilicus
Superior: the nose/ the chin
Anterior: the toes/ the heel
Superficial: the scalp/ the skull
Which ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection? Abdominal cavity
Terms that apply to the backside of the body in the anatomical position include: Posterior; dorsal
1. According to the principle of complementarity, how does anatomy relate to physiology? Function (physiology) reflects structure (anatomy); structure will determine and/or influence function
2. Define homeostasis: Homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal conditions within a narrow set of limits; even in the face of continuous change in the outside world
Define plane and section: A plane refers to an imaginary flat surface, and a section refers to a cut along that imaginary surface
Provide the anatomical term that correctly names each of the following body regions: a) arm-brachial , b) thigh-femoral , c) chest-thoracic , d) fingers and toes-digits , e) the anterior aspect of the knee-patellar
Aiden has been suffering agonizing pain with each breath and has been informed by the physician that he has pleurisy. a) Specifically, what membranes are involved in this condition? b) What is their usual role in the body? c) Explain why Aiden’s condition is so painful.

The membranes that would be involved with pleurisy are the parietal and visceral pleural membranes.
These membranes allow organs to slide across cavity walls without friction
The reason why pleurisy is causing so much pain is because the organs and membranes stick together which causes friction, heat, and pain.
1. A man is behaving abnormally, and his physician suspects that he has a brain tumor. Which of the following medical imaging techniques would best localize the man’s brain (and why)? Conventional Xray, DSA, PET, ultrasound, MRI,

An MRI would be the best imaging technique to use to find the brain tumor. An MRI distinguishes body tissue based on water content, so bones would be barely visible. An MRI produces images of soft tissues normally hidden by bone. An MRI would allow the brain to be seen through the skull and would be able to find the tumor.

Chapter 3

Receptor, control center, effector
Negative feedback: output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity/ causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of initial change; control of blood sugar by insulin
Positive Feedback: initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater; giving birth
Cilia: whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers, on exposed surfaces of certain cells; moves substances in one directional across cell surfaces ( in respiratory tract cilia propel mucus laden with dust an bacteria upward away from lungs)
Flagella: also projections formed by centrioles, but are longer than cilia (sperm)
Microvilli: tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface; increase plasma membrane surface area and are most often found on surface of absorptive cells
Dynein is missing from the cilia and flagella of individual with a specific inherited disease. These individuals have severe respiratory problems and it males, are sterile. What is the structural connection between the two symptoms?
- Both cilia and flagella aid in movement. When there is dynein, it would cause both cilia and flagella to be dysfunctional. The cilia located in respiratory tract that propel mucus covered in dust away from lungs could no longer work. This would cause the severe respiratory problems. If the flagella are not functioning, this would cause the sperm to be immobile making a male sterile.
Put the following steps in the correct sequence for preparing a specimen for microscopy. Fixed, sectioned, stained
Which of the following relationships between a tissue and its general function is not correct? Epithelial : digestion
An area in the body exposed to the external environment would be composed of which of the following tissue types? Epithelial tissue
The basal lamina arises from which type of tissue? Epithelial tissue
With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact? Apical surface
Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find on a surface of the body that is subjected to friction? Epithelial tissue
Which characteristic of epithelial tissues would you expect to find in a duct that is subject to a high degree of pressure (such as the male urethra)? Stratified layering
Which of the following types of epithelial tissues is best suited for areas of the body where diffusion or filtration occurs? Simple squamous
Which of the following specialized terms reflects the epithelial tissue found lining the inside of blood and lymph vessels? Endothelium
The presence of which type of epithelial tissue is a dead giveaway for glands? cuboidal
The mucus-secreting cells prevalent in simple columnar epithelium are known as __________. goblet cells
Which classification best suits the pancreas? Exocrine and endocrine
Which of the following glands are holocrine glands? Sebaceous glands
The major distinction between endocrine glands and exocrine glands is that endocrine glands secrete their product into _________. the extracellular space
Which of the following tissues is the most abundant and widely distributed?Connective
You would expect to find ____________ fibers in areas that undergo a lot of stretch and rebound. elastic
Of the following cell types, which can migrate through the matrix of connective tissue and devour foreign materials? Macrophages
Of the four main classes of connective tissue, which has the least solid ground substance? Blood
Which of the following undifferentiated cells of connective tissue do not secrete the matrix of the tissue with which they are associated? Hematopoietic stem cells
Of the following connective tissues, which generally takes the most time to recover from injury? Cartilage
Which type of connective tissue stores fat and synthesizes blood cells? Adipose tissue
Why is blood classified as a connective tissue? Blood develops from mesenchyme.
Which of the following types of cartilage is compressible and resists tension well? Fibrocartilage
The primary functional cell found in nervous tissue is the ___________. neuron
Which of the following pairs is not correct? Cardiac muscle : voluntary
Which muscle cells are spindle-shaped? Smooth muscle
Which of the following types of membranes is the driest? Cutaneous membranes
Which of the following is a logical sequence of events in wound healing? Inflammation, organization, granulation tissue deposit, regeneration
Which of the following is most likely to regenerate the fastest? Dense irregular connective tissue
Of the three primary germ layers, which is responsible for developing into nervous tissue? Ectoderm
Which is incorrect regarding increasing age? Decreased risk of cancer
Use the key to classify the following described tissue types into one of the four major tissue categories:

Tissue type composed largely of nonliving extracellular matrix; important in protection and support - connective tissue
The tissue immediately responsible for body movement- muscular tissue
The tissue enables us to be aware of the external environment and react to it- nervous tissue
The tissue that lines body cavities and covers surfaces- epithelial tissue
An epithelium that has several layers, with an apical layer of flattened cells, is called (choose all that apply): stratified and squamous
The gland type that secretes products such as milk, saliva, bile, or sweat through a duct is: exocrine gland
The membrane which lines body cavities that open to the exterior is a: mucous membrane
Scar tissue is a variety of: connective tissue

21. Describe the process of tissue repair, making sure you indicate factors that influence this process.

Tissue repair starts with the inflammatory response with organization, in which the blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue. When the wound is small, the tissue will regenerate and replace destroyed tissue with the same kind. If the wound is extensive, it’s replaced only by using fibrous connective tissue.

23. In adults, over 90% of all cancers are either adenomas (adenocarcinomas) or carcinomas. In fact, cancers of skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate are all in these categories. Which one of the four basic tissue types gives rise to most cancers? Why do you think this is so?

Epithelium because it remains mitotic throughout life
Adenoma: any neoplasm of glandular epithelium, benign or malignant
Autopsy: examination of the body, its organs, and its tissues after death to determine the cause of death; also called postmortem examination and necropsy
Carcinoma: cancer arising in epithelium; accounts for 90% of human cancers
Healing by intention: the simplest type of healing; occurs when the edges of a wound are brought together by sutures, staples, or other means used to close surgical incisions. Only small amounts of granulation tissue need to be formed.
Healing by second intention: the wound edges remain separated, and relatively large amounts of granulation tissue bridge the gap; the manner in which unattended wounds heal. Healing is slower than in wounds in which the edges are brought together and larger scars result
Keloid: abnormal proliferation of connective tissue during healing of skin wounds; results in large mass of scar tissue at the skin surface
Lesion: any injury, wound, or infection that affects tissue over an area of a definite size (as opposed to being widely spread throughout the body)
Marfan’s syndrome: genetic disease resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues due to a defect in fibrillin, a protein that is associated with elastin in elastic fibers. Clinical signs include loose-jointedness, long limbs, and spider like fingers and toes, visual problems, and weakened blood vessels due to poor connective tissue reinforcement
Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease): inherited condition that causes defective collagen production.
Pathology: scientific study of changes in organs and tissues produced by disease
Pus: a collection of tissue fluid, bacteria, dead and dying tissue cells, white blood cells, and macrophages in an inflamed area
Sarcoma cancer arising in the mesenchyme-derived tissues, that is, in connective tissues and muscle
Scurvy: a nutritional deficiency caused by lack of adequate vitamin C needed to synthesize collagen; signs and symptoms include blood vessel disruption, delay in wound healing, weakness of scar tissue, and loosening of teeth
VAC (vacuum-assisted closure): innovative healing process for open-skin wounds and skin ulcers. Often includes healing when all other methods fail. Involves covering the wound with a special sponge, and then applying suction through the sponge
Simple squamous: allows for transfer of material
Simple cuboidal: forms walls for ducts and tubules
Simple columnar: provides for secretion, absorption, transport
Stratified squamous: resists abrasion
Stratified cuboidal and columnar: walls of larger ducts
Transitional: accommodates for changes in organ shape
Tight junctions: close off intercellular space
Fibroblasts: produce fibers and ground substance
Macrophages: digest bacteria and debris
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Plasma cells: produce antibodies
Mast cells: secrete heparin and histamine
Adipocytes: fat cells
Collagenous fibers: tough and flexible (tendons and ligaments)
Reticular fibers: thin collagen (framework of spleen and lymph nodes)
Elastic: stretch and recoil
The principal role of melanin is to __________. shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation
The touch sensors of the epidermis are the _________. tactile cells
A patient taking a drug that inhibits cell division (such as certain chemotherapy drugs) would expect which layer of the epidermis to be affected first? Stratum basale
Fingerprints are copies of __________. friction ridges
Which three pigments contribute to skin color? Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin
Which of the following types of sweat gland secretion is thought to deter insects? Ceruminous
The most important role of the eccrine sweat gland is _________. body temperature regulation
One critical function of sebum, in addition to roles in waterproofing and skin softening, is that it provides protection against ____________. harmful bacteria
What is one major function of arrector pili muscle contraction that is particularly important in nonhuman mammals? The arrector pili muscle contracts to alarm an approaching predator.
A female patient with excessive facial hair growth may have which of the following ailments? Excessive secretion of androgens from an adrenal tumor
The skin plays a role in the manufacture of vitamin ______. D
What is the immediate threat from severe burns? Loss of water and electrolytes
Which of the following types of skin cancer is the most dangerous? Melanoma
Which of the following is not true for the skin in old age? It is less susceptible to bruising

Secretions from glands decrease

Which epidermal cell type is most numerous? Keratinocyte
Which cell functions as part of the immune system? dendritic cells
The epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of: keratin
Skin color is determined by: the amount of blood, pigments, and oxygenation level of blood
The sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by receptors located in the: dermis
Which is not a true statement about the papillary dermis? It’s most responsible for the toughness of the skin
Which of the following is not an epidermal derivative? Sensory receptors
An arrector pili muscle can cause a hair to stand up straight
The product of this type of sweat gland includes protein and lipid substances that become odoriferous as a result of bacterial action: apocrine gland
1. Sebum lubricates the surface of the skin and hair, consists of cell fragments and fatty substances, in excess may cause seborrhea
2. The rule of nines is helpful clinically in estimating the extent of a burn

You are out mowing the grass on a very hot day. Describe 2 ways in which the skin serves to maintain homeostasis of body temperature. Opening blood vessels and sweating

We described several forms of cancers of the skin. None were cancers of the stratum corneum layer. Why? All the cells of the stratum corneum are dead keratinocytes; because they are dead, they do not undergo cellular division and are not susceptible to mutation. The dead keratinocytes of the stratum corneum are constantly being shed and replaced with other cells.

Your coworker has the nervous habit of chewing on his finger atop the first metacarpal. As a result, he has developed a thick hairy knuckle. Why? Chronic physical irritation or inflammation can lead to excessive hair growth in the region affected due to an increase in blood flow to the area.

Albinism: inherited condition in which melanocytes do not synthesize melanin owing to a lack of tyrosinase.
Alopecia: absence of hair from areas of the body where it would normally occur
Boils and carbuncles: inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands in which an infection has spread to the underlying subcutaneous tissue
Cold sores (fever blisters): small fluid-filled blisters that itch or hurt; usually occur around the lips and in the mucosa of the mouth
contact dermatitis: itching, redness, and swelling, progressing to blister formation; caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that provoke an allergic response in sensitive individuals
Decubitus ulcer: localized breakdown and ulceration of skin due to interference with its blood supply. Usually occurs over a bony prominence, such as the hip or heel
Dermatology: the branch of medicine that studies and treats disorders of the skin
Eczema: a skin rash characterized by itching, blistering, oozing, and scaling of the skin
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB): a group of hereditary disorders characterized by inadequate or faulty synthesis of keratin, collagen, and/or basement membrane “cement” that results in lack of cohesion between layers of the skin and mucosa
Impetigo: pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Caused by staphylococcus infection, it is contagious, and common in school-age children
Porphyria: a group of inherited disorders in which certain enzymes needed to form the heme of hemoglobin of blood are abnormal.
Psoriasis: a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by raised, reddened epidermal patches covered with silvery scales that itch or burn, crack, and sometimes bleed or become infected

Chapter 6

Which of the following is not a type of cartilage? Dense regular
Fibrocartilage would be found at which location? Knee
Growth of cartilage from within cartilage is termed: Interstitial growth
The terms “long,” “short,” “flat,” and “irregular” are used to classify bones based on their ________. shape
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones? Transportation
Depressions on bones include ___________. fossae
An example of a projection on a bone that is a site of muscle or ligament attachment is a ___________. trochanter
Which of the following is not a type of bone cell? Osteoclasp
An adult male is donating red bone marrow to determine if he is a match to a leukemia patient. Most likely, the doctor will collect the bone marrow from his ____________. sternum
A group of concentric rings of bone matrix, comprising the functional unit of long bones, is called a(n) __________. osteon
Adjacent osteocytes communicate via gap junctions found within ________. canaliculi
The principal component of bone that contributes to its hardness is __________. hydroxyapatite
Which characteristic of cartilage enhances its job as the precursor to endochondral bone? Cartilage can accommodate mitosis.
Most bones formed via intramembranous ossification are ________ bones. flat
What would long bone growth look like in an individual whose cartilage in both epiphyseal discs stopped dividing? The long bones would cease growth in length.
Which of the following bone cell types is primarily responsible for initiating ossification of bone? Osteoblasts
Adding new bony matrix to injury sites is known as _________. bone deposition
In a patient whose parathyroid glands have been removed, you would expect that person’s blood calcium levels to _______. decrease
Calcium’s primary homeostatic importance to the body is primarily _____________. to function in numerous metabolic activities (muscle contraction, blood coagulation)
A disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in children is termed: Rickets
Which is not a function of the skeletal system? Generating heat
Sites of hematopoiesis include all but: medullary cavities in bones of a healthy adult/ Hematopoiesis includes: red marrow of spongy bone, the heads of femur and humerus in adults, and medullary cavities in bones of infants
The organic portion of matrix is important in providing all but: hardness/ provides tensile strength, ability to resist stretch, and flexibility
Bone remodeling in adults is regulated and directed mainly by mechanical stress and PT
Where within the epiphyseal plate are the dividing cartilage cells located? Between the resting zone and the hypertrophic zone
Wolff’s law is concerned with the shape of a bone being determined by mechanical stresses placed on it
Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by: bone remodeling
The fracture type in which the bone ends are incompletely separated is: greenstick
The disorder in which bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal is: osteoporosis
Osteomalacia in a woman is not uncommon in Muslim nations. What could be a possible cause and effect and how might this be treatable without violating cultural taboos? They are not exposed to the sun which can cause osteomalacia. They could start using sun lamps and getting exposed to artificial sunlight
Anne is a 63 year old woman who recently fell and broke her hip. Her bone density scan showed thin trabecular bone in the proximal epiphysis of both femurs. She eats well but does not get any regular form of exercise. What is her condition and what is the cause? What do you suggest to minimize her progressive bone loss? She has osteoporosis due to low estrogen levels. I would suggest her take estrogen mimic and start exercising
During your rounds in cosmetic surgery you meet a patient who is upset about an abdominal scar from gallbladder surgery 2 years ago. The scar is “lumpy” and at a right angle to the central axis of the body. He only mentions it because the scar from his childhood appendectomy is indistinct (that one runs oblique to inferior abdomen). Why are they different? The fissure lines are running vertically and it was cut perpendicular causing scar tissue
There is a legend of an old Norse “berserker” named Egil who was noted for two things. One was an enlarged and misshapen head and the other was his ability to take tremendous blows to the head with seemingly no effect. What medical condition did he likely have? Rapid bone deposition (growth)
Mrs. Q complains of occasional redness and swelling in her wrist and very painful fingers. It comes and goes with the weather. What is the problem? Rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune disease/ redness is caused by additional blood flow
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- Achondroplasia: a congenital condition involving defective cartilage and endochondral bone growth so that the limbs are too short but the membrane bones are of normal size; a type of dwarfism
- Bony spur: abnormal projection from a bone due to bony overgrowth; common in aging bones
- Ostealgia: pain in a bone
- Osteitis: inflammation of bony tissue
- Osteogenesis imperfecta: also called brittle bone disease, a disorder in which the bone matrix contains inadequate collagen, putting it a risk for shattering
- Osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound, or spread from an infection near the bone. Commonly affects the long bones, causing acute pain and fever
- Osteosarcoma: a form of bone cancer typically arising in a long bone of a limb and most often in those 10-25 years of age. Grows aggressively, painfully eroding the bone
- Pathologic fracture: fracture in a diseased bone involving slight or no physical trauma
- Traction: placing sustained tension on a body region to keep the parts of a fractured bone in proper alignment. Also, prevents spasms of skeletal muscles, which would separate the fractured bone ends or crush the spinal cord in the case of vertebral column fractures
- Osteomalacia: includes a number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized/ osteoid is produced bu calcium salts are not adequately deposited, so bones are soft and weak/ caused by insufficient calcium in diet or by a vitamin D deficiency
- Rickets: analogous disease in children/ young bones are still growing/ bowed legs and deformities/ caused by insufficient calcium in diet or by a vitamin D deficiency
- Osteoporosis: refers to a group of diseases in which bones become porous and light/ bones become so fragile that they can break from simple things/ occurs most often in postmenopausal women
- Paget’s disease: characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.
- Osteogenic cells: stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
- Osteoblasts: actively produce and secrete bone matrix/ bone matrix is osteoid
- Osteocytes: keep bone matrix healthy; responsible for resorption of bone; are derived from a line of white blood cells; secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes
- Osteoclasts: make HCl and protein
- Diaphysis: “shaft” of a bone
- Epiphysis: ends of a bone
- Blood vessels: well vascularized
- Medullary cavity: hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow
- Membranes: periosteum, perforating fibers(Sharpey’s fibers) and endosteum
- Ossification: bone tissue formation
- Endochondral (Replacement) bone: develop initially from hyaline cartilage= endochondral ossification
- Growth hormone: produced by pituitary gland/ stimulates epiphyseal plates
- Thyroid hormone: ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions
- Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone): promote bone growth/ later induces closure of epiphyseal plates

Achondroplasia: a congenital condition involving defective cartilage and endochondral bone growth so that the limbs are too short but the membrane bones are of normal size; a type of dwarfism

Bony spur: abnormal projection from a bone due to bony overgrowth; common in aging bones
Ostealgia: pain in a bone
Osteitis: inflammation of bony tissue
Osteogenesis imperfecta: also called brittle bone disease, a disorder in which the bone matrix contains inadequate collagen, putting it a risk for shattering
Osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound, or spread from an infection near the bone. Commonly affects the long bones, causing acute pain and fever
Osteosarcoma: a form of bone cancer typically arising in a long bone of a limb and most often in those 10-25 years of age. Grows aggressively, painfully eroding the bone
Pathologic fracture: fracture in a diseased bone involving slight or no physical trauma
Traction: placing sustained tension on a body region to keep the parts of a fractured bone in proper alignment. Also, prevents spasms of skeletal muscles, which would separate the fractured bone ends or crush the spinal cord in the case of vertebral column fractures
Osteomalacia: includes a number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized/ osteoid is produced bu calcium salts are not adequately deposited, so bones are soft and weak/ caused by insufficient calcium in diet or by a vitamin D deficiency
Rickets: analogous disease in children/ young bones are still growing/ bowed legs and deformities/ caused by insufficient calcium in diet or by a vitamin D deficiency
Osteoporosis: refers to a group of diseases in which bones become porous and light/ bones become so fragile that they can break from simple things/ occurs most often in postmenopausal women
Paget’s disease: characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.
Osteogenic cells: stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts: actively produce and secrete bone matrix/ bone matrix is osteoid
Osteocytes: keep bone matrix healthy; responsible for resorption of bone; are derived from a line of white blood cells; secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes
Osteoclasts: make HCl and protein
Diaphysis: “shaft” of a bone
Epiphysis: ends of a bone
Blood vessels: well vascularized
Medullary cavity: hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow
Membranes: periosteum, perforating fibers(Sharpey’s fibers) and endosteum
Ossification: bone tissue formation
Endochondral (Replacement) bone: develop initially from hyaline cartilage= endochondral ossification
Growth hormone: produced by pituitary gland/ stimulates epiphyseal plates
Thyroid hormone: ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions
Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone): promote bone growth/ later induces closure of epiphyseal plates