Gas Properties and Laws

These flashcards cover key concepts and laws related to gas properties, measurements, laws, and mixtures, providing a comprehensive overview for exam preparation on the topic.

What are the physical characteristics of gases?

Gases adopt their container’s shape and volume, can be compressed, mix homogeneously, and have lower densities than solids and liquids.

What does the kinetic-molecular theory state about gas particles?

It states that momentum conservation happens in inter-particular collisions at the molecular level.

How is pressure defined in relation to force?

Pressure is defined as the quantity of force divided by the surface area.

What is a barometer used for?

A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

What are common units of pressure?

Common units of pressure include mm Hg, atm, and Pascal.

What is standard atmospheric pressure at sea level?

Standard atmospheric pressure is 1 atm or 760 mm Hg.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with what increase?

Atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in altitude.

What happens to breathing at high altitudes?

Breathing becomes harder as less oxygen is available due to lower air densities.

What law relates pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature?

Boyle's Law states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional (PV = k).

What happens to gas pressure when its volume decreases?

When volume decreases, pressure increases if the temperature remains constant.

What is Charles's Law?

Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure.

What is Gay-Lussac's Law?

Gay-Lussac's Law states that pressure and absolute temperature are directly proportional at constant volume.

What is Avogadro's Law?

Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules.

What is the combined gas law equation?

The combined gas law is expressed as (P1V1/T1) = (P2V2/T2).

What is the ideal gas law equation?

The ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where R is the ideal gas constant.

What is Dalton's law of partial pressures?

Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.

What is diffusion?

Diffusion is the process where gas molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What is effusion in relation to gases?

Effusion is the process where gas escapes through a tiny opening.

According to Graham’s Law, how does the rate of effusion relate to molar mass?

The rate of effusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas's molar mass.

What does it mean for a solution to be saturated?

A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature.

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

The solute is the substance being dissolved, while the solvent is the substance doing the dissolving.

What factors influence solubility?

Solubility is influenced by temperature, pressure (for gases), and the nature of the solute and solvent.

How does temperature affect the solubility of solids?

Generally, the solubility of most solids increases with an increase in temperature.

How does temperature affect the solubility of gases?

The solubility of gases usually decreases with an increase in temperature.

What is Henry's Law?

Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.

What does molarity measure?

Molarity measures the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

What does molality measure?

Molality measures the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

How do you calculate weight percent?

Weight percent is calculated as (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100%.

What is the Tyndall effect?

The Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by colloidal particles.

What happens during a dilution?

Dilution involves adding solvent to a solution to decrease the concentration of the solute.

What is vapor pressure?

Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase.

What is Raoult's Law?

Raoult's Law states that the vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by the mole fraction of the solvent.

What effect does adding a solute have on the boiling point of a solvent?

Adding a solute increases the boiling point of the solvent.

What is the formula for boiling point elevation?

The formula for boiling point elevation is ΔTb = kb × m × i.

What effect does adding a solute have on the freezing point of a solvent?

Adding a solute lowers the freezing point of the solvent.

What is the formula for freezing point depression?

The formula for freezing point depression is ΔTf = kf × m × i.

What is a colligative property?

A colligative property is a property that depends on the number of solute particles in a solution, not their identity.

What are the molar masses of common gases like oxygen and nitrogen?

Oxygen (O2) has a molar mass of approximately 32 g/mol; nitrogen (N2) has a molar mass of about 28 g/mol.

What is the significance of the ideal gas constant R?

The ideal gas constant R is used in gas law calculations to relate pressure, volume, temperature, and moles.

How does solubility differ between ionic and molecular compounds in water?

Ionic compounds tend to dissociate into ions and dissolve well in water, while most molecular compounds do not dissociate and don't conduct electricity.

What is the process that occurs when salt is added to water and it disappears?

The process is called dissolution, where the salt dissociates into its constituent ions.