Chapter 5 & 6 Essentials of Bio

What is a similarity between photosynthesis and respiration?

They are both metabolic processes.

What is the second stage of cellular respiration?

It occurs in the mitochondria.

What term refers to metabolic pathways by which cells break down complex molecules to release chemical energy?

Catabolism

What catalyzes nearly all chemical reactions in a human cell?

Enzymes.

What type of reactions break down lipids?

Catabolic.

What does cellular respiration enable living organisms to utilize?

Energy stored in glucose.

What is a key component of cellular respiration?

All of these (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain).

What molecule is consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?

ATP.

What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

To provide electrons to the chlorophyll.

In the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 > 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, what do the six CO2 molecules represent?

Products.

What term refers to any chemical reaction or physiological process that requires oxygen?

Aerobic.

What is the importance of the enzyme rubisco?

It is important to the process of carbon fixation.

What series of reactions are known as the Calvin cycle?

Light-Independent Reactions.

What does glycolysis indicate regarding oxygen?

It is an anaerobic process, requiring no oxygen.

Which molecule carries electrons to the electron transport chain?

NADH.

What do photosynthetic organisms form by capturing energy from sunlight?

Sugars.

What collective processes are known as metabolism?

The capture and use of energy by living organisms through chemical reactions.

What is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division?

Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome.

How can binary fission be described due to its outcome?

As asexual reproduction.

What refers to the particular alleles that an individual carries?

Genotype.

What encompasses the entire eukaryotic cell cycle?

Cell division and interphase.

What is a difference between binary fission and mitosis?

The breakdown of the nuclear envelope.

What is an example of natural genetic recombination?

Crossing-over.

What do homologous chromosomes consist of?

One maternal and one paternal chromosome.

During meiosis I, what happens to the chromosome number?

It is reduced to haploid by separating homologous pairs.

Where do homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis?

Anaphase I.

What connects sister chromatids?

Centromere.

What do you call an individual with two different alleles for a gene?

Heterozygous.

What is the new single cell formed by the union of male and female gametes?

Zygote.

What is the process by which organisms reproduce and grow?

Cell division.

What reproductive process restores the diploid number?

Fertilization.

What would be observed in a time-lapse of bacterial cell division?

Binary fission.

If a diploid animal cell has 18 chromosomes, how many would be in its gametes?

9.

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase.

What do mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission all produce?

Daughter cells.

What is an allele that masks the effects of another allele called?

Dominant.

What does NOT contribute to genetic uniqueness?

Binary fission.

Where would most cells be found if a chemical halts the cell cycle at G1?

Interphase.

What type of cell does a newly discovered sexually reproducing species with 19 chromosomes likely have?

Haploid gamete.

What type of cells can be produced by meiosis?

Sperm.

What is the outcome of meiosis in animals?

Production of eggs and sperm.

What do homologous chromosomes have in common?

Similar shape and code for the same traits.

What type of chromosome number do gametes have?

Haploid.

How does meiosis differ from mitosis in animals?

Meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction, while mitosis repairs tissues.

What two processes combine to create genetic diversity?

Fertilization and meiosis.