Chapter 11: Cell Communication

Growth factors

________ are used in this way → stimulate nearby cells to grow and divide (cell cycle)

Electrical signals

________ along nerve cells trigger the secretion of neurotransmitters → these neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers.

receptor protein

The changing of the ________ due to being bound to the signal molecule triggers the transduction pathway.

Communication

________ with direct contact is called cell- cell recognition in animal cells.

Plant local

________ signaling methods /regulators /molecules are different from animals due to their cell walls.

ancient prokaryotes

Signaling first existed in ________ and single- celled eukaryotes but was evolved and adapted to their descendants.

plasma membrane

The ________ is necessary for the transmission of any signal from the outside of the cell.

Hormones

________ don't directly act with the enzymes within the cell → an internal signal transduction must happen.

RTK

1 ________ may activate more than 10 signal transduction pathways and cell responses.

G protein

A(n) ________ binds itself on the cytoplasmic side of the GCPR.

signal molecule

When a(n) ________ binds itself to a GCPR, the receptor activates.

Reception

________: occur a the plasma membrane as a signaling molecule interacts with the ________.

Animal

________ and plant cells have junctions where the cytoplasm from adjacent cells can connect for communication.

Paracrine signaling

________: just in animals, sending messenger molecules from one cell to another to get a certain response.

Dimerization

________ causes phosphate groups from 6 ATP molecules to bind to the 6 (3 from each OG RTKs) tyrosine kinases.

Transduction

________: happens in the cytoplasm, a pathway of several steps with each relay molecule bringing upon a change in the next molecule.

Relay

________ proteins attach to each phosphorylated tyrosine → ________ proteins undergo structural changes → signal transduction pathway triggered that leads to a cellular response.

Cells

________ can use cellular signaling to identify their mates.

chemical signal

A(n) ________ is detected by the cell when it binds to the receptor on the surface of the cell (or sometimes inside the cell)

hormone+recptor

Ex: ________ complex enters the nucleus and binds to a specific gene.

Hormones

________ are secreted chemicals that are formed in specific cells that travel in body fluids to act on specific target cells to change the target cells functioning.

RTKs

Originally, the ________ exist as monomers or single units in the plasma membrane.

Hormones

________ may travel through most bodily fluids but mostly do so through blood.

Other uses of the signaling pathway

bacteria use it to monitor the density of local cells

Cell junctions

plant and animal cells have junctions that allow molecules to pass through freely with adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes (plasmodesmata in plant cells)

Paracrine signaling

just in animals, sending messenger molecules from one cell to another to get a certain response

Synaptic signaling

Juste dans animaux

Reception

occur a the plasma membrane as a signaling molecule interacts with the receptor

Transduction

happens in the cytoplasm, a pathway of several steps with each relay molecule bringing upon a change in the next molecule

Response

may be any imaginable cellular activity