Ch 2 social beliefs and judgement

System 1 Thinking

Automatic, fast, subconscious thought processes, often related to gut feelings and quick reactions.

System 2 Thinking

Deliberate, slow, effortful thought processes used for complex tasks like solving math problems.

Priming

The subtle activation of certain associations in memory that influence subsequent behavior.

Embodied Cognition

The theory that physical sensations can influence our judgments and perceptions.

Belief Perseverance

The tendency to hold onto initial beliefs even when presented with contrary evidence.

Misinformation Effect

The incorporation of false details into memory due to misleading information.

Schemas

Mental templates that shape our perceptions and guide our understanding, often leading to stereotypes.

Overconfidence Phenomenon

The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's own beliefs or knowledge.

Negativity Bias

The phenomenon where negative information has a greater impact on our judgments than positive information.

Magical Thinking

The belief that unrelated thoughts or actions are somehow logically connected.

Illusory Correlation

The perception of a relationship between two variables when none exists.

Illusion of Control

The tendency to overestimate one's ability to control events.

Regression Toward the Mean

The tendency for extreme behaviors to return to average over time.

Representative Heuristic

A mental shortcut used to judge the probability of an event based on how much it resembles a typical case.

Availability Heuristic

A mental shortcut where people judge the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.

Counterfactual Thinking

The cognitive process of imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes.

Attribution Theory

A framework for understanding how individuals explain behaviors, distinguishing between dispositional and situational causes.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate personality traits and underestimate situational factors when assessing others' behavior.

Actor-Observer Bias

The tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors, while attributing others' behavior to their personality.

Kelly’s Attribution Model

A model that explains how people determine the cause of behavior based on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus.

Self-Awareness Effect

The phenomenon where focusing on oneself enhances awareness of one's attitudes and behaviors.

Individualistic Cultures

Cultures that emphasize personal traits and dispositions in attributing behavior.

Collectivistic Cultures

Cultures that focus on situational factors and context in attributing behavior.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

The phenomenon where a belief or expectation causes itself to become true.