19th Century Ap Euro

Congress of Vienna

A diplomatic meeting (1814-1815) aimed to restore stability in Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

Balance of Power

The idea that no single nation should become too powerful, threatening peace.

Conservatism

Political philosophy advocating for tradition, stability, and monarchies.

Liberalism

Political philosophy emphasizing individual rights, constitutional government, and democracy.

Socialism

Political philosophy addressing social inequalities, advocating for collective ownership.

Thomas Malthus

Economist who argued that population grows exponentially while food grows linearly.

Nationalism

Belief in the importance of shared identity, culture, and history within a nation.

Romanticism

Cultural movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, nature, and the sublime.

Realpolitik

Political approach based on pragmatism and pursuit of national interests.

Impressionism

Art movement focusing on capturing light and fleeting moments with visible brushstrokes.

Postimpressionism

Art movement building on impressionism with emphasis on structure and emotion.

Expressionism

Art movement focusing on representing emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Decembrist Revolt

Unsuccessful uprising (1825) by army officers seeking political reform in Russia.

Alexander II

Russian Tsar who ended serfdom in 1861, believing it essential for modernization.

Nicolas II

Last Tsar of Russia whose failure to modernize led to his abdication and execution.

Bloody Sunday

Massacre of peaceful protesters in 1905, eroded trust in the Tsar.

Social Revolutionaries

Political group focused on agrarian socialism and populist movements in Russia.

Mensheviks

Faction advocating for gradual reform and a broad base of support within the Russian Socialist Party.

Bolsheviks

Faction led by Lenin advocating for a revolutionary overthrow of the Tsar.

Russian Revolution of 1905

Uprising caused by dissatisfaction with the Tsarist regime leading to reforms.

Female Suffrage

Movements advocating for women's right to vote, gained traction in the early 20th century.

Darwinism

Theory of evolution by natural selection that challenged traditional views and influenced biology.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosopher who criticized traditional morality and proposed the concept of the 'Übermensch'.