ch 24, 25, 26

eukaryotes

organisms with cells that contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes

heterotrophs

organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms; fungi absorb nutrients through external digestion

saprophytes

organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead of decaying matter

parasites

organisms that live in or on another organisms (the host) and benefit at the host’s expense

chitin

a polysaccharide that forms part of the fungal cell wall; also found in the exoskeleton of insects

mycelium

the mass of branching, thread like hyphae that make up the body of a fungus

hyphae

slender filamentous structures that make up the body of the fungi; they grow and spread out to absorb nutrients

septate hyphae

hyphae that have internal walls (septa) separating nuclei, but allow material exchange

coenocytic hyphae

hyphae without septa, containing many nuclei within a single cytoplasmic mass

haustoria

specialized hyphae that penetrate host tissues to extract or exchange nutrients

mycorrhizae

symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots, aiding nutrient absorption

plasmogamy

the fusion of cytoplasm from two different mating types during sexual reproduction in fungi

karyogamy

the fusion of nuclei following plasmogamy, resulting in a diploid zygote

dikaryon

a fungal state where two haploid nuclei coexist in the same cell before fusing

sporangiospores

asexual spores produced within a sporangium (a sac like structure)

conidiospores

asexual spores that are formed on the tips of specialized hyphae (conidia)

ascus

a sac like structure in ascomycetes where haploid ascospores are formed

basidia

club shaped structures found in basidiomycetes where sexual spores are produced

zygosporangium

a structure formed by the fusion of hyphae from different mating types in zygomycetes, producing spores

lichen

a symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organisms (alga or cyanobacterium), often functioning as a pioneer species in succession

mycosis

a fungal infection in animals or humans (ringworm/athletes foot)

charophytes

a group of green algae most closely related to land plants

sporophyte

the diploid (2n) stage of a plants life cycle that produces spores by meiosis

gametophyte

the haploid (n) stage that produces gametes (sperm and egg) by mitosis

meiosis

a type of cell division where a cell makes an exact copy of itself, maintaining the same chromosome number

mitosis

a process of cell division where a cell makes an exact copy of itself, maintaining the same chromosome number

spore

a haploid reproductive cell used for asexual reproduction, capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell

gametangia

specialized organs or cells where gametes are formed in plants, such as in algae and ferns

antheridium

male gametangium that produced sperm

archegonium

female gametangium that produces eggs

sporangia

structures where asexual spores are formed in ferns and other lower plants

capsule

part of the sporangia where spores are produced in mosses

sorus (sori)

a cluster of sporangia found on the underside of fern fronds

strobilus (strobili)

a cone like structure that bears spores in certain plants

xylem

vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and minerals from the roots upwards

phloem

vascular tissue that transports sugars and other metabolic products from the leaves to other parts of the plant

rhizoids

non vascular filaments that anchor nonvascular plants like mosses; they do not absorb water

rhizomes

vascular, underground stems used for storing food and vegetative reproduction in some plants like ferns

bryophyte

a group of small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

embryophyte

land plants that develop from an embryo, including bryophytes and tracheophytes

tracheophyte

vascular plants that contain specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for conducting water and nutrients

homosporous

plants that produce a single type of spore, which develops into a bisexual gametophyte

heterosporous

plants that produce two types of spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female)

sporopollenin

a though polymer that forms the outer wall of spores and pollen, making them resistant

lignin

a complex organic polymer in the cell walls of plants, making them rigid and impermeable to water

microspore

a spore that develops into a male gametophyte

megaspore

a spore that develops into a female gametophyte

seed plants

a group of plants that reproduce via seeds, which include gymnosperms and angiosperms

gymnosperms

a group of seed plants that have “naked seeds” exposed on modified leaves or branches (cone)

angiosperms

a group of seed plants that produce flowers and fruits, enclosing their seeds

haploid

a cell or organism that contains one complete set of chromosomes (n)

diploid

a cell or organism that contains two complete sets of chromosomes (2n)

Mitosis

a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cell.s maintaining the same chromosome number

endosperm

the nutritive tissue within a seed that provides food for the developing embryo

micropyle

a small opening in an ovule that allows the pollen tube to penetrate

integument

the layer of sporophyte tissue that surrounds the megasporangium and later forms the seed coat

pollination

the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma, facilitating fertilization

co-evolution

the process where two or more species influence each others evolutionary trajectory, such as plants and their pollinators

vascular plants

plants with specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for the transport of water, nutrients and food

nonvascular plants

plants that lack a vascular system; they generally do not grow as tall and rely on diffusion for nutrient transport

heterospory

the production of two different types of spores: megaspores (female) and microspores (male)

strobili

cone like structures in gymnosperms that bear seeds or pollen

angiosperm diversity

the variety of flowering plants, which are the most diverse group of plants on earthmo

monocot

one of the two major groups of angiosperms characterized by having one cotyledon in the seed

eudicot

the other major group of angiosperms characterized by having two cotyledons in the seed

ecological importance of seed plants

the significant role seed plants play in ecosystems, including providing oxygen, food, and habitat for other organisms