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Chalcolithic
Transitional era between the Neolithic and Bronze Age (4000-2000 BC).
Uruk
Considered one of the most important ancient cities, recognized as the birthplace of writing and a major center for early civilization.
Sumerians
Ancient civilization that lived in Mesopotamia from around 4100-1750 BCE, known for their innovations in language, architecture, and governance.
Cuneiform
Edge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing system of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, impressed on clay tablets.
Great Zimbabwe
Capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe from the 23rd century AD, wealthy from trade networks connecting Southeast Africa with the Middle East.
Sea Peoples Kerma
Group of seafaring raiders who attacked Egypt and other regions of the eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age around 1200 BC.
Akhenaten
Pharaoh of ancient Egypt who ruled from 1353-1336 BCE and is noted for introducing Atenism, abandoning traditional polytheism.
Hyksos
Group of West Asian rulers who controlled Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period (1782-1570 BCE).
Hattusa
Capital of the Hittite Empire during the late Bronze Age (6th-1200 BCE).
Ramses the Great
Egyptian pharaoh (1303-1213 BCE), known for his military campaigns, including the Battle of Kadesh.
Knossos
Bronze Age archaeological site in Crete, a major center of the Minoan civilization.
Akkadians
First known ancient empire of Mesopotamia that succeeded the Sumerians (24th and 22nd centuries BC).
LBK
Archaeological horizon of the European Neolithic period (5500-4500 BC).
Talheim Death Pit
Mass grave found in LBK dating back to around 5000 BC.
Stonehenge
Prehistoric megalithic structure in England, part of a complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments.
La Tene
Art style associated with the Celtic European Iron Age culture, developed during the late Iron Age.
Scythians
Nomadic warrior tribes living in the Eurasian steppe from around 900 BC to 200 BC.
Minoans
Advanced Bronze Age civilization that lived on the island of Crete from approximately 3000-1100 BCE.
Mycenae
Term used for Late Bronze Age Greece, excluding Crete.
Troy
Ancient city in present-day Turkey, first settled around 3600 BC.
Alexander the Great
King of Macedon, undefeated in battle, regarded as one of history's greatest military commanders.
LiDAR
Active remote sensing system used to measure vegetation height across wide areas.
Carthage
Ancient city in Northern Africa, a primary rival to Rome, destroyed during the Third Punic War.
Tophet
Archaeological term for cemeteries of children at Carthaginian sites, believed to involve human sacrifice.
Lady Dai
Chinese noblewoman and well-preserved mummy from the Western Han dynasty.
Remote sensing
The process of gathering information about an area or object from a distance, typically using satellites or aircraft.
Four-tier settlement
Classification system for settlements including small towns, hamlets, and villages.
Harappa
Archaeological site in Pakistan, part of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Mohenjo-Daro
Ancient settlement in the Indus Valley, one of the earliest major cities.
Atlatl
Handheld tool used to throw darts or javelins with greater force and distance.
Indus Valley
Bronze Age civilization in Northwestern South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.
Maurya
Geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia, founded in 322 BCE.
Suryavarman II
Ruler of the Khmer Empire from 1113-1150, known for building Angkor Wat.
Asoka
Emperor of Magadha from 268 BCE to 232 BCE, credited with spreading Buddhism.
Black Earth Angkor
Capital city of the Khmer Empire located in present-day Cambodia, flourishing from the 9th to 15th centuries.
Cham
Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia, original inhabitants of central Vietnam and coastal Cambodia.
Shang
Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the second millennium BC.
Zhou
Longest royal dynasty in Chinese history, existing from 1046-256 BCE.
Emperor Qin
Founder of the Qin dynasty, first emperor of China, known for building the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army.
Oracle bones
Pieces of ox scapula and turtle plastron used for divination during the Late Shang period.
Warring States
Period in Chinese history (475-221 BCE) when small kingdoms fought for dominance.
Anyang
Location of the ancient city of Yin, capital of the Shang dynasty.
Terracotta Warriors
Collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang.
Xia
The first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography, succeeded by the Shang dynasty.
Chaco
Network of archaeological sites in northwestern New Mexico, important for its pre-Columbian cultural complex.
Hopewell
Describes a network of precontact Native American cultures that flourished in settlements.
Cahokia
Site of a Native American city developed around 1000 CE, across from the Mississippi River.
Mississippian
Collection of Native American societies in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1600.
Silla
Korean kingdom that existed from 57 BCE to 935 CE, located on the southern parts of the Korean Peninsula.
Jade
Decorative rock used to make jewelry and ornaments.
Indo-European
Language family that includes languages spoken in Europe, Asia, and northern India.
Hittites
Ancient Indo-European people who established a major empire in Turkey around 1600 BCE.
Yamato
Period of Japanese history characterized by Imperial court rule from modern-day Yamato province.
Kofun
Ancient burial mounds or tombs in Northeast Asia constructed from the 3rd century to early 7th century AD.
Bonampak
Ancient Maya archaeological site known for best-preserved Maya murals.
Maya
Mesoamerican civilization known for ancient temples and glyphs, flourishing from 2000 BCE to 1697 AD.
Hieroglyphs
Stylized picture representing a word, syllable, or sound in ancient writing systems.
Tikal
Ancient city located in Guatemala, likely called Yax Mutal, existing from the 6th to 10th century AD.
Naranjo
Pre-Columbian Maya city in Guatemala, occupied from about 500 BC to 950 AD.
Teotihuacan
Ancient Mesoamerican city located in the State of Mexico.
Jayavarman VII
King of the Khmer/Angkor Empire, known for his devotion to Buddhism.
Olmec
First major civilization in Mesoamerica, flourishing from around 1200 to 400 BCE.
Moche
Civilization in northern Peru that flourished from about 100-800 AD.
Inca
Advanced civilization that ruled a large empire in the Andes Mountains from 1200 to 1533 AD.
Machu Picchu
15th-century Inca citadel, most familiar city of the Inca Empire.
Quetzalcoatl
Deity in Aztec culture, associated with fertility and change over time.
Logographic
Relating to written symbols that represent entire words or morphemes.
Syllabic
Relating to or based on syllables.
Seriation
The act of arranging items in a sequence for chronologic determination.
Knorosov
Russian linguist known for his work in deciphering Mayan hieroglyphic writing.
Proskouriakoff
Russian-American Mayanist scholar who significantly contributed to deciphering Maya civilization.
Kakaw(a)
Word for cacao in the Indigenous Mayan language Kiche.
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the expanding Aztec Empire from 1325-1521, located in present-day Mexico City.
Chinampas
Sustainable agriculture system of artificial islands in Mesoamerica.
Khipu
Recording devices made from knotted cords used in the Andes Mountains.
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