Untitled Flashcards Set

Chalcolithic- transitional era between the Neolithic and Bronze Age (4000-2000 BC).              

Uruk- played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC               

Uruk is considered one of the most important ancient cities because it is widely recognized as the birthplace of writing, a major center for early civilization, and the origin of many innovations like monumental architecture, social hierarchies, and specialized occupations, all occurring during the "Uruk period" which saw the development of urban life 

Sumerians - ancient civilization that lived in Mesopotamia from around 4100-1750 BCE. Known for their innovation in language, architecture and governance are considered to be the creators of modern civilization                      

Cuneiform- denoting or relating to the edge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing system of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit surviving impressed on clay tablets (31st century BC to the 2nd century AD)

Great Zimbabwe- (gaint wall compound area) It was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe from the 23th century AD having been settled in the 4 th century AD    

-weathy on trade, going east, network connecting southeast africa with middleeast 

Sea Peoples Kerma - group of seafaring raiders who attacked Egypt and other regions of the eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age around 1200 BC                                   

Akhenaten- ancient Egyptians pharaoh regaining 1353-1336 BCE , tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty and was noted for abandoning traditional ancient Egyptian religion of polytheism and introducing Atenism or worship centered around Aten. 

Hyksos- a group of West Asian rulers who ruled Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period (1782- 1570 BCE).                       

Hattusa-  was the capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age during two distinct periods (6th -1200 BCE).

Ramses the Great -(1303-1213 BCE) Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom and one of the most successful warrior pharaohs, conducting no fewer than 15 military campaigns, all resulting in victories like Battle of Kadesh            

 Knossos- Bronze Age archaeological site in Crete and major centre of the Minoan civilization        

Akkadians-  first known ancient empire of Mesopotamis succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer ( 24th and 22th centuries), part of the end of the Sumerian, fell apart            

LBK - archaeological horizon of the European Neolithic period flourished 5500-4500 BC               

Talheim Death Pit -mass grave found in LBK and 5000 BC.                

Stonehenge-  prehistoric megalithic structure of Salisbury in the middle of the densest complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England  

La Tene- art style, helmet stuff- sytletic of the Celtic   European Iron Age culture and developed during the late Iron Age succeeding the early Iron Age Hallsatta culture.  (Germany/Hungry).                 

Scythians- group of nomadic warrior tribes who lived in teh Eurasian steppe from around 900 BC to 200 BC                                  

Minoans- advanced Bronze Age civilization that lived on the island Crete from approximately 3000-1100 BCE

Mycenae- used to reference to the Late Bronze Age of mainland Greece in general and of the islands except Crete                

Troy- ancient city located in present-day Turkey and the place was first settled around 3600 BC and gre into a small fortified city around 3000 BC                

Alexander the Great-  king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of the history greatest and most successful military commanders 

LiDAR- an active remote sensing system that can be used to measure vegetation height across wide areas (1960s)

Carthage-   ancient city in Northern Africa and was one of the most important was destroyed in three siege of Carthage by the Roman Republic duing the Third Punic War  

• Priamry rival to rome, breadbasket to North Africa, focus  tophet  

Tophet- child sacrifice ( arecheolgical confirmed and it was propaganda) hand print of blood on the wall shows how symbols changed over time 

Archaeologists have applied the term "tophet" to large cemeteries of children found at Carthaginian sites that have traditionally been believed to house sacrificed human children, as described by Hellenistic and biblical sources.

Lady Dai- was a chinese noblewomen and marquis of Dai during the Western Han dynasty and one of the most well preserved mummies ever found                                 

remote sensing- the process of gathering information about an area or object from a distance, typically using satellite or aircraft        

Four-tier settlement- classification system for settlements small town, hamlet, village, isolated dwelling , The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, divided its settlements into a citadel and a lower town. The people of the Harappan civilization built homes, roadways, and structures using bricks in a ratio of 1:2:4. 

Harappa- archeological site in Pakistan and during the Bronze age Harappan civilization is was known as the Indus Valley Civilization.        

Mohenjo-Daro- archaeolgial site in Pakistan and was it was the large settlement of the ancient Indus Valley civilization and one of the world’ earliest major cities contemporaneous woith cvilivzation of ancient Eygpt                        

Atlatl- handheld tool used to throw dart or javelins with greater force, speed, and distance than a person could throw by hand (The Paleoindians 10,500-800 BC).

Indus Valley-  Bronze civilization in the northwestern regions of South Asia lasting 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE              

Maurya-  was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia based on Magadha in 322 BCE         

Suryavarman II -  ruler of the Khmer Empire from 1113 until his death in 1150 and is the most known as the builder of Angkor Wat the largest Hindy temple in the world which he dedicated to Vishnu      

-Founder of Ankor             

Asoka- known as Ashoka the Great was Emperor of Magadha from 268 BCE until his death 232 BCE and was the third ruler from the Mauryan dynasty and is credited with important role in the spread of Buddhism acorss ancient Asia                                             

 Black Earth Angkor-   was the capital city of the Khmer Empire located in present-day Cambodia and the city and empire flourished from 9th and 15 th centuries                                 

Cham-  Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia and are the original inhabitants of central Vietnam and coastal Cambodia during the expansion of the Khmer Empire (802-1431).                        

Shang- was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the second millennium BC traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Western Zhou dynasty (16th -11th centuries BC).                                   

Zhou - was royal dynasty of China that existed 1046-256, the longest of all dynasties in Chinese history              

Emperor Qin- was a founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of China (259-219 CE)  made the great wall of china and had terracotta army in his bural                             

Oracle bones- pieces of ox scapula and turtle platron used as a form of divination during the Late Shang period (1250-1050 BCE)
Warring States- a time in Chinese history when severak small kingdoms fought each other for dominance (475-221 BCE)         

Anyang- location of the ancient city of Yin which was capital of the Shang dynasty and first stable capital of China (1250 BCE-1050 BCE).           

Terracotta Warriors- collection of terracotta sculptors depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China (210-209 BCE) with the purpose of protecting him in his afterlife            

Xia- is the first dynasty in traditional Chinses historiography, the Xia was succeeded by the Shang dynasty

Chaco- a network of archaeological sited in northwestern New Mexico which preserves outstanding elements of a vast preColumbian cultural complex that domainted  much fo what is no the southwestern United states from the mid-9th to early 13th centuries                          

Hopewell- describes a network of precontact Native America cultures that flourished in settlements (100 BCE-500 CE).  CULTURE collapse because of ice age

First real civilization in the area, lots of trade (pottery)      

Cahokia-  site of a Native American city directly across the Mississipi River, developed advance societies across much of what is now the Central and Southeatern United states beginning around 1000 CE                               

Mississippian-collections of Native America societies that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United states from 800 to 1600, believed a major religious center  

Silla- Korean kingdom that existed between 57 BCE- 935 Ce and was located on the southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula                            

Jade- a term for two types of decorative rocks that are used to make jewelry and ornaments             

Indo-European-  Language family that included language spoken in Europe, Asia, and northern India and has over 3,00 years of history and includes many branches such as Germanic, Slavic, and baltic                    

Hittites- an ancient Indo-European people who established a major empire in Turkey around 1600 BCE

Yamato-  period of Japanese history when the Imperial court rules from modern-day Yamato province                       

Kofun-ancient burial mound and are megalithic tombs or tumuli in northeast Asia constructed in 3rd century to early 7 th century AD               

Bonampak -     ancient Maya archaeological site in mexican state of Chiapas and iot dates back to the Late Classic and the has the the mural most noteworthy for being best-preserved Maya murals                       

Maya- Mesoamerica civilization(2000 BC E -1697 AD) known  ancient temple and glyphs (collapse is one, hieraglphys , Tenotichan , high population)

hieroglyphs- a stylized picture of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound as found in ancient Egyptian and other writing systems (3100 BC - 394 CE)

Tikal- ruin of an ancient city which was likely to have been called Yax Mutal found in a rainforest in Guatemala (6th - 10th century AD).                          

Naranjo-  is a Pre-Columbian Maya city in Guatemala and was occupied from about 500 BC to 950 AD with its height in the Late Classic Period         

Teotihuacan-  an ancient Mesoamerican city located in sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico which located in the State of Mexico                         

Jayavarman VII- king of the Khmer/Ankor  Empire and was the first king devoted to Buddhism as only prior Khmer king had been a Buddhist (1122-1218).

Ankor- main ruler of ankor and transformed it but his face on everywhere  

Olmec- first major civilization in Mesoamerica, flourishing from around 1200 to 400 BCE in the present-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco                                       

Moche -   flourished in northern Peru with its capital near present-day Moche from about 100- 800 Ad during the regional Development Epoch                                  

Inca- an advanced civilization that ruled a large empire in the Andes Moutains of South America from approximately in the Andes Mountains of South America (1200 - 1533 AD).  

Machu Picchu- 14-15th century Inca citadel and most familiar city of the Inca Empire          

Quetzalcoatl- deity in Aztec culture and literature and was a patron god, fertility , found in Tenotitican (meaning of gods can change over time)

Logographic- relating to, or consisting of, logograms which are written symbols that represent entire words or morphemes in a language                            

Syllabic- relating to or based on syllables                        

Seriation- the act of arranging items in a sequences and method of determining chronology                      

Knorosov- Russian linguist, epigraphist, and ethnologist who played a major role in the decipherment of Mayan hieroglyphic writing       

Proskouriakoff-  (1909-1985) Russin American Mayanist scholar and archeologist who cotnributed significantly to the deciphering of maya civilization of mesoamerica                 

kakaw(a)-  the word for cacao in the Indigenious mayan Language Kiche (200 BC -400 AD                

Tenochtitlan- was a large Mexican altepetl in what is now the historic center of Mexio city and it was the capital of the expanind Aztec Empire in the 15th century (1325-1521) 

Chinampas- a sustainable agriculture system of artificial usalnds built on freshwater lakes in Mesoamerica                              

Khipu- recoding devices fashioned from knotted cords hsitorically used by a nunber of cultures in central Andes Mountains and South America