dimension of color determined by wavelengths of light
hue
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distance from the peak of one light/soundwave to the peak of the next Electromagnetic ones vary from short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
wavelength
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amount of energy in a light/soundwave perceived as brightness/loudness determined by wave amplitude
intensity
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adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
pupil
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light enters through the ___ and passes through the pupil
cornea
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ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
iris
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transparent structure behind the pupil that changes the shape to help focus images on the retina
lens
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light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing rods, cones, and layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
retina
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process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
accommodation
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believed fluids in the eye bend light rays, so the image is upright when it reaches the retina
da Vinci
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1604, the retina receives the image upside down
Kepler
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Convert particles of light energy into neural impulses and forward them to the brain
Receptor cells
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In the buried receptors cells of the retina (rods and cones), light energy activates ___, which active ganglion cells
bipolar cells
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axons of these cells twist to form the optic nerve to take information to the thalamus to be distributed
ganglion cells
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There are no receptor cells where ____, creating a ___
the optic nerve leaves the eye, blind spot
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cluster around the fovea each one transmits to a singular bipolar cell to relay information to the visual cortex, so the fovea input has a large association area. They can detect fine detail, color, and don't work in dim light
cones
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central focal point in the retina, around which cones cluster
fovea
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share bipolar cells and send combined messages. Peripheral vision. Black and white.
rods
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Pressure can trigger the retina, but the brain interprets the subsequent firing as light coming from the ___, activating the __ side of the retina
left, right
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feature detection
Hubel and Wiesel
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nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus (shape, angle, movement)
feature detectors
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teams of cells (super cell clusters) respond to
complex patterns (gazes, head angle, direction of a ball, anticipating movement)
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subdimensions of visual analysis
motion, form, depth, color
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Takes up 30% of the visual cortex
facial recognition
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Cannot see the sticks, but can report if they are horizontal or vertical
detector cells respond to specific features like edges, lines, angles
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brain cell teams process combined information about motion, form, depth, and color contrasts with serial processing of computers and conscious problem solving
parallel processing
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brain interprets the constructed image based on information from stored images
recognition
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the retina controls 3 different color receptors, each sensitive to red, green, OR blue. Stimulated in combination allows for perception of any color
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
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opposing retinal processes enable color vision red-green, yellow-blue, white-black. Some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red, and vice versa
opponent-process theory
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light rays are not
colored
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color does not reside in the object but in
our brain
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Red and __ messages can't fire at the same time
green
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Because red and green messages can't fire at the same time, if you stare at red, you tire the response, and when you look at white, the afterimage is
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