Chapter 5 (condensed version)

Terms to Remember

• Divine right

  • The belief that God chose a ruler to rule.

• Absolute monarchy

  • A monarch who has unquestioned, absolute rule and power

• Monarch

  • A ruler who is part of a ruling family that passes down power from generation to generation

• Balance of power

  • Countries have equal strength in order to prevent any one country from dominating the others

• Constitutionalism

  • Limited form of government

• Stuart dynasty

  • England

• Romanov Dynasty

  • Russia

• Bourbon Dynasty

  • France

Dutch Netherlands

• Republic

• Stadtholder

• William of Orange

• Dutch East India Company

England under the Stuart dynasty

• James I ruled as a Divine Right monarch (Failed Gun powder plot, legalized soccer and tobacco, taxation)

• Charles I (responsible for the English Civil War, Taxation without Representation, declared war on Spain)

• Charles II (Absolute, turns England Catholic, gets replaced by parliament)

• James II (Catholic)

English Civil War

• Petition of Rights written by parliament against Charles I)

• Parliament is Split

• Roundheads (Puritan Army led by Oliver Cromwell)

• Cavaliers (Army of men loyal to Charles I)

• Oliver Cromwell becomes “Lord Protector” (Puritan dictatorship

England’s Glorious Revolution

• peaceful revolution

• Willian and Mary

• English Bill of Rights

• Act of Walpole (Sir Robert Walpole - the first British prime minister, built up the British empire through trade)

Philosophers of Absolutism and Constitutionalism

• Jean Bodin and Jacques Bossuet (believed in Divine Right Absolutism)

• Thomas Hobbes (Philosophical Absolutism)

  • Wrote the Leviathan

  • believed people were born bad (reason: English Civil War)

  • Rule by decree (People chose a sovereign to maintain order by governing absolutely. People do not have the right to overthrow the sovereign)

• John Locke (Constitutionalism)

  • Wrote the Two Treatises on Government

  • believed people were born good (reason: Glorious Revolution)

  • believed in the right of revolution

  • Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, Property)

  • Bill of Rights (consent of the governed: the people maintain their sovereignty and may overthrow any government that fails to protect natural rights)

• Where Hobbes and Locke agree

  • They both agree that people are born into a state of nature (bad or good)

  • both rejected the Divine Right Theory

Prussia

• Prussian Militarism

  • Prussia made up for its small size by maintaining a large, well-trained army

• the “Fredricks” of Prussia

  • Prussia-Brandenburg

  • “The Sandbox of the Holy Roman Empire”

  • Devastated by the Thirty Years’ War

  • Frederick William I (“The Great Elector”)

  • King of Prussia

    -Frederick I

    -Frederick William I

    -Frederick II (“The Great“)

• Hohenzollern family

  • House of Hohenzollern

• Power to tax by decree (“Servant of the state“)

France under Louis XIV

• L'État, c'est moi

  • “I am the State “

• Cardinal Richelieu

  • Mostly associated with Religious Wars such as the 30 Years’ War

• Cardinal Mazarin

  • Mostly associated with Mercantilism (Helping Louis XIV with getting as much gold and silver as he could)

• Estate General

  • French representative body

• Building the Palace of Versailles

  • Where the nobles had to live

• Revoking the Edict of Nantes

  • End of religious tolerance in France

• Un Roi, Une Loi, Une foi

  • “One King, One Law, One Faith “

• Fronde

  • Nobels

• War of Spanish Succession

  • Multiple European Powers come together to prevent the unification of France and Spain

  • War concludes with the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt

  • The treaties made sure that France and Spain could never unite. In the end, England gets Canada and Gibraltar

Russia

• Peter the Great

  • He made himself the ultimate authority meaning he made decisions without needing approval from other governing bodies

• Warm Water Ports

  • The Baltic and Black Sea

• War (Azov Campaigns, Great Nothern War)

• Westernization

  • Military reform

  • Social reform

  • Government reform

• Table of Ranks

• Ivan the Terrible

  • Seized power at 16 years old

  • First ruler in Russia to crown themselves with the title “Czar” or “Tsar”

  • Ivan the Terrible had already reduced the power of the boyars a century before, but Peter furthered this trend toward absolutism

• Boyars

  • Nobles

• Intendants

  • agents who collected taxes and administered justice