Respiratory Care Pharmacology Chapter 5: Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

neurons that carry nerves from the brain to the spinal cord to the site of actions

efferent (motor) neurons

neurons that carry nerves from the the periphery to the brain

afferent (sensory) neurons

is autonomic control voluntary?

NO. Autonomic control is involuntary and unconscious

branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls day to day body functions like digestion, bladder/fecal discharge, and glandular secretions

parasympathetic nervous system

what is the affect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate and contraction force?

decreases heart rate and force of contraction

what is the parasympathetic effect on airway smooth muscle?

constriction, bronchospasm

what is the parasympathetic effect of blood pressure?

lowers blood pressure

overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes...

SLUD syndrome (salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation)

branch of the autonomic nervous system that is not essential for life, but allows coping with violent stress with a widespread reaction in the body.

sympathetic nervous system

what is the sympathetic effect on heart rate and force of contraction?

increased heart rate and force of contraction

what is the sympathetic effect on airway smooth muscle?

dilation, bronchodilation

what is the sympathetic effect on vascular tone?

vasconstriction

what is the parasympathetic effect on vascular tone?

vasodilation

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

neurotransmitter

what is the major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

acetylcholine (Ach)

what is the major neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

parasympathetic nerve sites bind...

Acetylcholine (Ach)

True or False: sympathetic nerve sites use Acetylcholine at the first synapse, but the terminal nerve site uses Norepinephrine.

True

what enzyme deactivates and destroys Acetylcholine?

Cholinesterase

True or False: Norepinephrine is a vasodilator.

FALSE: Norepinephrine is a vasoconstrictor

where is norepinephrine produced?

the adrenal medulla

what enzymes deactivate and destroy Norepinephrine?

COMT and MAO

an agent that stimulates the parasympathetic system and produces a cholinergic effect is called

parasympathomimetic agent

an agent that blocks parasympathetic nerve fibers (blocks cholinergic effect) is called

parasympatholytic agent

an agent that produces similar results in stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (produces adrenergic effect)

sympathomimetic agents

an agent that produces an antiadrenergic effect

Sympatholytic agents

means to produce an adrenaline affect (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

adrenergic

means to produce the effect of acetylcholine

cholinergic

means to block the receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine

antiadrenergic

means to block the receptors for acetylcholine

anticholinergic (cholinergic antagonists)

what is the parasympathetic effect on mucus glands?

increased secretion of mucus

chemical produced by the body that stimulates acetylcholine receptors at parasympathetic terminal sites

Muscarine

a muscarinic effect is the same as a...

parasympathomimetic effect

would an antimuscarinic effect be parasympathomimetic or parasympatholytic?

parasympatholytic

muscarinic receptors located in airway smooth muscle

M3 receptors

chemical that stimulates acetylcholine at both parasympathetic and sympathetic receptor sites

Nicotine

name a nicotinic effect on vascular tone, blood pressure, and on skeletal muscle

-vasoconstriction

-increased blood pressure

-muscle tremors

name 2 places nicotinic receptors are found

-autonomic ganglia

-skeletal muscle sites

this is a direct acting parasympathomimetic agent used to test hyperactive airway disease by causing bronchoconstriction

Methacholine

how do indirect acting parasympathomimetic agents work?

they block cholinesterase

what kind of agents are Atropine and Atrovent (Ipratropium Bromide)

Anticholinergic (parasympatholytic)

is Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent) Short Acting or Long acting?

Short Acting (Muscarinic Antagonist)

name 3 long acting anticholinergic agents (LAMA)

-Aclidinium Bromide (Tudorza)

-Tiotropium Bromide (Spiriva)

-Umeclidinium Bromide (Incruse Ellipta)

term for chemicals that are structurally similar to epinephrine

catecholamines

what is the effect of Alpha 1 receptors on vascular tone?

vasoconstriction

Are Alpha 1 receptors sympathomimetic or parasympathomimetic?

sympathomimetic

give an example of an Alpha Adrenergic Agent

Racemic Epinephrine

Are Beta receptors adrenergic or cholinergic?

adrenergic

what organ do Beta 1 receptors act on? what is the effect?

The heart; increased rate and contractile force

what organs do beta 2 receptors act on? what is the effect?

Airways smooth muscle; relaxation (bronchodilation)

which cranial nerve supplies the lung? which autonomic branch controls that cranial nerve?

Vagus nerve; Parasympathetic

what is NANC?

Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve fibers