Untitled Flashcards Set

Intelligence

The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations, including skills such as reasoning, memory, creativity, and social understanding.

G (general intelligence factor)

A concept developed by Charles Spearman suggesting intelligence is a single, overall ability influencing performance across tasks.

Factor Analysis

A statistical method used to identify patterns in data by finding underlying factors that explain relationships between variables.

Howard Gardner

A psychologist known for developing the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, which suggests intelligence consists of multiple types, like linguistic, spatial, or musical.

Robert Sternberg

A psychologist who created the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, dividing it into analytical, creative, and practical categories.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage your own emotions while perceiving and responding to the emotions of others.

Alfred Binet

A psychologist who developed the first modern intelligence test to identify students needing academic support.

Stanford-Binet & Wechsler

Widely used intelligence tests; Stanford-Binet measures cognitive abilities, while Wechsler scales assess broader intelligence including verbal and performance skills.

IQ

A score from standardized intelligence tests measuring cognitive ability in relation to the average population.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure, with high validity producing accurate results.

Reliability

The consistency of a test's results over time; a reliable test yields similar scores when taken multiple times.

Standardization

The process of administering and scoring a test consistently to ensure comparability of results across different people/groups.

Normal distribution

A bell-shaped curve representing how traits, like intelligence scores, are spread in a population, with most scores near average.

Stereotype Threat

The psychological phenomenon where individuals underperform due to anxiety about confirming negative stereotypes related to their social/cultural group.

Conditioning

A type of learning resulting in a relatively permanent change in behavior due to practice or experience.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process through which the strength of behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Classical Conditioning

A learning method where a natural process is paired with a neutral stimulus to create a response.

Neutral stimulus

Initially does not elicit a response.

Unconditioned stimulus

Elicits a predictable response without any training.

Unconditioned response

The automatic or natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned stimulus

Elicits a response due to being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned response

The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov

A psychologist known for his work in classical conditioning, demonstrating the relationship between stimuli and responses.

Unconditional stimulus in Pavlov's experiment

Food.

Unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment

Saliva.

Neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiment

Bell.

Conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment

Bell.

Conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment

Saliva in response to the bell.