Untitled Flashcards Set

• Intelligence - The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. It includes skills such as reasoning, memory, creativity, and social understanding.

• G (general intelligence factor) - A concept developed by Charles Spearman that suggests intelligence is a single, overall ability that influences performance across tasks.

• Factor Analysis - A statistical method used to identify patterns in data by finding underlying factors that explain relationships between variables.

• Howard Gardner - A psychologist who is known for developing the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, which suggests intelligence is not a single ability but is made of multiple types, like linguistic, spatial or musical intelligence.

• Robert Sternberg - A psychologist who created the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which divides intelligence into 3 categories: analytical (problem-solving), creative (innovation), and practical (real-world application).

• Emotional intelligence - The ability to recognize, understand, and manage your own emotions while also having the ability to perceive and respond to the emotions of others. 

• Alfred Binet - A psychologist who developed the first modern intelligence test to help identify students who needed more support for academics. 

• Stanford-Binet & Wechsler - 2 widely used intelligence tests. The Stanford-Binet test, based on Binet’s work, measures cognitive abilities. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provide a broader assessment of intelligence, including verbal and performance abilities. 

• IQ - A score extracted from standardized intelligence tests that measure cognitive ability in relation to the average population.

• Validity - The extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure. A test with high validity produces accurate results.

• Reliability - The consistency of a test’s results over time. A reliable test will give similar scores when taken multiple times. 

• Standardization - The process of administering and scoring a test in a consistent manner to ensure the results are comparable across different people/groups. 

• Normal distribution - A bell shaped curve that represents how traits, like intelligence scores, are spread in a population, with most people scoring near average and fewer people in the extremes. 

Stereotype Threat - The psychological phenomenon where individuals underperform on tests/tasks due to anxiety about confirming negative stereotypes related to their social/cultural group.

Conditioning: a type of learning, any relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or experience. Changes due to growth or maturation are not learning (ex. as we grow our humor changes)

How we simulate learning: 

• Rewards: operant conditioning

• Punishments: the infliction or removal of punishments

• Classical conditioning: works well for biological functions

Classical conditioning: you take a natural process and connect it to a neutral stimulus

Stimuli: 

• Neutral stimulus: at first does not elicit a response 

• Unconditioned stimulus: elicits a predictable response without any training

• Unconditioned response: automatic or natural response

• Conditioned stimulus: elicits a response due to being paid with an unconditioned stimulus

• Conditioned response: the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov:

• Unconditional stimulus: food

• Unconditioned response: saliva 

• Neutral stimulus: bell

• Conditioned stimulus: bell

• Conditioned response: saliva to bell