Chemistry - Unit 2: ch. 13 & 15 vocabulary

ester formation and how it looks

carboxylic acid + alcohol

flat

eicosanoids

molecules derived from 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid)

lipid-based signaling molecules that play a unique role in innate immune responses

does job where its made

facts about omega-3 fatty acids

common fatty acids: linolenic acid (ALA), eicospentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

lowers tendency of blood clots

passive diffusion

tiny molecules able to slip through bilayer of fluid and gaps

oxygen and CO2

tiny polar molecules

requires no energy

goes from higher to lower concentration

adrenal gland

uses cholesterol to synthesize steroid hormones

above kidney

neonate IRDS

surfactant that decreases surface tension of substances

dirt

mixture of hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds

bees wax is formed from what?

long alcohol chain and fatty acid

4 groups of lipids

waxes

steroids

TAG

phospholipids; sphingolipids

stearic acid

18:0

18 carbon bonds

no double bonds

saturated

palmitoleic

16:9

16 carbons

9 double bonds

unsaturated

palmitic

16:0

16 carbons

no double bonds

amidation reaction

reactants: carboxylic acid + amine

products: amide and water

needs strong heat

one water molecule for each amide group formed

what do carboxylic acids dissociate to make? and what pH level?

carboxylate anions and hydronium ions 5% natural dissociation

pH level 7

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

2 phosphate ions

intermediate energy source after ATP

stores less energy in bonds than ATP

what do fats do?

protect from physical trauma, cold, electrical leakage in some nerves

sugar functions

energy

cell identification and recognition

hydration

structure

energy storage

Amine

An organic nitrogen compound characterized by the presence of nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms.

Amide

A carbonyl compound with nitrogen atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon.

Alpha-hydroxy acids

Organic compounds with a hydroxyl group on the carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group

reacts with outer layer of skin cells making them flake out and reveal another “healthier” layer of skin

Aspirin

A common pain reliever that blocks the synthesis of prostaglandins, acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, and prevents blood clots.

Atropine

A compound found in deadly nightshade plants that dilates pupils, increases heart rate, and relaxes muscles.

Arachidonic acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with four cis-double bonds.

Active transport

The movement of ions across a cell membrane requiring energy input (needs energy)

burns ATP and goes against concentration gradient

example: sodium needs low concentration on outside and high concentration on inside; potassium ratio helps sodium go against gradient

Na+, K+, Ca++

from lower concentration to higher concentration

Atherosclerosis

A disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in the walls of arteries, leading to increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack or stroke

blood forced to squeeze through smaller opening due to plaque in arteries

Androgens

Hormones that control the development of male sex characteristics.

ex: facial hair, muscle mass

dependent on tissues

aka testosterone

Adrenal cortical steroid

Hormones synthesized in the outer layer of the adrenal gland.

made from adrenal gland on top of kidney

cortisol and aldosterone

Anabolic steroids

Synthetic analogs of androgens that promote muscle growth.

estrogens, progestins, androgens

metabolized slower and lost longer

Adrenal cortex

The part of the adrenal gland that produces hormones controlling salt and sugar balance.

analgesic

pain releving

antipyretic

fever reducing

atropine

deadly nightshade plant

dilates pupils

increases heart rate

relaxes muscles

adipose cells

layer of fat cells where ATP stored

found in: bone marrow, below skin surface, around kidneys, breast for women, pelvis

analog

synthetic steroid

a compound having a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to a certain component

testasterone

bicarbonate

a base that helps body keep acid-base (pH) balance

in equilibrium

CO2 + H2O —> ←— H2CO3 —→ ←— H+ + HCO3-

Bile salt

A compound that aids in the digestion of fats by breaking them down in the liver.

stored in gallbladder after made from cholesterol in liver

blends fats together so be absorbed in the blood

Carboxylic acid

An organic compound containing a carboxyl group (COOH) with acidic properties.

120 angle bond

Cocaine

An addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant leaves.

cadaverine

poisonous diamine

lurid odor in rotting fish

odor of semen, urine, bad breath

Cell membrane

The barrier that regulates the passage of ions, nutrients, and molecules in and out of cells.

semi-permeable

Cholesterol

A lipid molecule synthesized (made) in the liver and present in body tissues, crucial for cell membrane structure.

moves by lipoproteins and bile salts through blood

in almost all body tissues

depending on tissue: *travels tissue —> liver —> bile salt* or *blood —>tissue*

not water soluble

mainly in brain; essential for brain development

what is cholesterol used to make and where is it stored?

bile salt; the gallbladder

cell fluidity

allows movement of proteins and lipids in cell membrane

depends on cholesterol; keeps it the right amount of fluidity

doesn’t allow transfer of lipids to be diffused

clot

platelet cells sticking together

Cis

A configuration where functional groups are on the same side of a double bond.

Cellular respiration

The process in which cells convert sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide, ATP energy, and water.

cortico steroids

mineral

anti-inflammatory medicine that reduces activity of immune system

made in adrenal cortex above kidney

aka glucocorticoids

3 types of cortico steroids

aldosterone, cortisone, cortisol

what ions go against the concentration gradient (active transport) and their needs

sodium, potassium, calcium

critical to nerve conduction

what ions go down the concentration gradient? (diffusion)

chloride, bicarbonate, glucose

what does aldosterone do?

regulates Na+ and K+ balancing fluids

regulates glucose metabolism

resorption of water by kidneys

regulate blood pressure by managing the levels of sodium and potassium in your blood

cell diffusion

from high concentration to low concentration

good diffusion: CO2, O2, H2O (tiny molecules)

small and non polar content goes through cell

dimer

2 Carboxylic acids held together by two intermolecular hydrogen bonds, forming salt crystals with high melting points.

Derivatives of aniline

Aromatic amines with nitrogen atoms bonded to benzene rings.

Ester

An organic compound characterized by a carbon double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to another oxygen.

“-oate”

lipids equate to what for energy of kcal?

9 grams

Esterification

The process of forming an ester by replacing the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol group.

Estrogen

A hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and other female sex characteristics.

endocytosis

nutrient going into cell

exocytosis

waste exiting the cell

ester hydrolysis

hydrolysis of ester bonds making glycerol and 3 fatty acids; long carboxylic acid chain

estrogen

regulates menstrual cycle

Formic acid

A compound responsible for the sting from certain types of ants.

Fatty acids

Carboxylic acids with carbon chains, classified as saturated or unsaturated based on the presence of double bonds.

has 12-20 carbons

naturally made as even numbers

naturally cis isomers

double bonds at every carbon bonds

facilitated diffusion

some ions and molecules travel through protein channels in cell membrane made by integral proteins (large ions)

helps protein transport with water

example: glucose, chloride, bicarbonate

goes from high concentration to low concentration

Fats

Lipids serving as building blocks for cell membranes, energy storage, and insulation

stores energy as fat

glucocorticoids

anti-inflammatory steroid hormone made from adrenal cortical steroid

metabolizes carbohydrates

cortisone and cortisol

aka corticosteroids

treat conditions characterized by an overactive immune system (allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease, and chronic inflammation)

anti-inflammatory in all tissues, and control metabolism in muscle, fat, liver and bone

Hydrolysis

The breakdown of esters into carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of water and an acid catalyst.

hydrolyzable lipids

lipids made into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

has ester bond

3 types: waxes, triacylglycerol, phospholipids

HDL

High-density lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.

hydrophilic

molecule attracted to water; water loving

high-density lipoprotein/HDL

transport cholesterol from tissues back to liver

“good” protein with less cholesterol

hydrophilic

hydrogenation

adding hydrogen (H2)

hormone

something made in 1 part of body and transported to work in another area of the body

synthesized molecule in part of organism provoking response at different site

two types of hormones

sex hormones and adrenal cortical steroid

3 different types of steroid hormones

testosterone (androgen), estradiol (estrogen), progesterone, norethindrone

estradiol (2 alcohol group) structure and what does it convert to?

and converts to esterone

made in ovaries

aka estrogen

estrone (ketone group added) structure and what it converts to

and converts to progesterone

progesterone

made in ovaries

female hormones

estrogen and progestins

male hormone

androgens

Lipases

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids into smaller molecules.

Lipids

chemical messengers for cell membrane

Biomolecules soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water, serving as energy sources and cell membrane components.

energy source

insoluble in water

keep things out of cell

in many things such asL fatty acids, soap, lipid hydrolysis, oral contraceptives

insulation from cold, electrical leakage

Lipid bilayer

The structure of the cell membrane composed of two layers of lipid molecules.

ionic/polar heads outside cell (hydrophobic) proteins

non-polar tails inside cell (hydrophilic) peripheral proteins

bilayer made bc hydrophobic proteins stick together tightly

makes up animal cells

not too much cholesterol, not too little cholesterol

happy medium in lipid bilayer

Lipoprotein

Small particles containing proteins and lipids, responsible for transporting lipids in the bloodstream.

peripheral proteins

extends through entire bilayer of cell membrane

hydrophilic on outside

LDL

low - density

transports cholesterol from liver to tissues

bad protein

hydrophobic

sticks plaque to arteries and clogs them

esterfies

hydrophobic

phosphoacylglycerol compound with R group ester-fied to phosphodiester

derivative of choline alcohol

phosphatidylcholine

pos. N amide

lecithin

Myelin sheath

An insulating layer around nerves composed of proteins and lipids.

made of fats (lipids) and proteins

protects body of neuron

protected by lipids

extra cholesterol added to increase insulation

membrane transport

movement of particles across membrane

cells made of different phospholipids

lipids keep things out of cell

mechanisms

electron arrow always points to atoms

negative things point to positive things

non-hydrolyzable lipids

lipids unable to become smaller molecules by aq hydrolysis

2 types: steroids and fat-soluble vitamins

Omega-n-acids

Unsaturated fatty acids with the first double bond occurring at the n carbon in the carbon chain.

Oils

Liquid fats with higher melting points than fats, containing more double bonds.

unsaturated

has kinks in chain

more double bonds

Polar

Molecules with an unequal distribution of charge, making them soluble in water.

Phosphodiester

A derivative of phosphoric acid with two hydrogen atoms replaced by R groups.

neg. charge

result of dehydration

reaction with alcohol

prednisone

works on the immune system to help relieve swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions

synthetic glucocorticoid steroid

oral medication

derived from cortisone