Chemistry - Unit 2: ch. 13 & 15 vocabulary

amine: organic nitrogen compound
- “-amine”
- 109.5 angle
- trig. pyramidal
- polar bonds (C-N) and (N-H)
amide: carbonyl compound with nitrogen bonded
- “-amide”
acetic acid (ch3 co2 h): sour-tasting component of vinegar
alpha-hydroxyl acids: groups with hydroxyl group on carbon bonded to carboxyl group
- react with outer layer of skin cells causing them to flake off and reveal healthier second layer of skin
- lactic acid
- glycolic acid
- main carbon is not connected to carboxylic acid carbon
aspirin: blocks synthesis of prostaglandin
- common pain relievers
- anti-inflammatory agents with carboxyl group
- analgesic
- antipyretic
- prevents blood clots in arteries
- prevents heart attacks
- prevent stroke
analgesic = pain relieving
antipyretic = fever-reducing
atropine: deadly nightshade plant
- dilates pupils
- increase heart rate
- relaxes muscles
arachidonic acid: unsaturated fatty acid with 4 cis- double bonds
adipose cells: layer of fat cells where TAGs stored
- always stays same amount
- found in:
  - below skin surface
  - bone marrow
  - breast area (women)
  - around kidneys
  - pelvis
active transport: ions moving across cell membrane needing energy input
- nerve impulse cause muscle contraction
- burns ATP against concentration to go from low concentration to high concentration
atherosclerosis: disease resulting in building of plaque in walls of arteries
- restrict blood cell
- increase blood pressure
- increase chance of heart attack/stroke
androgens: control development of sex characteristics in males
- facial hair, muscle mass, depending of tissue
adrenal cortical steroid: hormone synthesized in outer layer of adrenal gland
anabolic steroids: synthetic androgen analogues that promote muscle growth
- most physical and psychological issues result from long term use
analog: synthetic steroid that has chemical structure similar to chemical structure of anabolic structure
adrenal cortex: makes hormones that controls sex (androgen, estrogens)
- has 3 parts that each make different hormones
- controls salt balance in blood (Aldostrone)
- controls sugar balance (cortisol)
- 3 different types:
  - aldosterone: regulate Na+ and K+ balancing fluid
    - regulated glucose metabolism by balancing fluid
    - tells brain if hungry
    - not good long term
  - cortisone
  - cortisol

bilayer: double layer of lipid molecules
bile salt: helps fat digest by breaking it down in liver
- stored in gallbladder

carboxylic acid: organic compound with C bonded to OH and double bonded to O
- “-oic acid”
- when ionized = “-oate”
- higher mp and bp than esters
- polar
- foul odor
- proton donors donating to water
- acid-base reaction occurs when dissolved in water
- more acidic than other organic compounds
- weaker acids compared to inorganic acids
- 120 angle
- high boiling point
- capable of hydrogen bonding aka more water soluble
cocaine: addictive stimulant from leaves of coca plant
cadaverine: poisonous diamine
- lurid odor in rotting fish
- odor of semen, urine, bad breath
cell membrane: barrier to passage of ions and molecules in/out cell
- allows nutrients in and waste out
- semi-permeable
cholesterol: most prominent member of steroid family
- synthesized in liver
- in almost all body tissues
- only 1 polar OH groups and many non-polar C-H and C-C bonds
- proportional to body weight
- moves by lipoproteins through blood
clot: platelet cells sticking together
- omega 3 inhibit sticking
- if sticking too much, can cause clotting in arteries
cephalin: phosphoacylglycerol that has R group esterfied to phosphodiester
- CH2 CH2 NH3+
  - derived from the alcohol ethanolamine
cis:
- more saturated
- groups on same side of double bond
- more cis double bonds = lower melting points
cellular respiration:
- all cells do this
- sugar + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + ATP energy + water
cortico steroids: inflammatory medicine
- made in adrenal cortex above kidney

dimers: carboxylic acids held together by 2 intermolecular hydrogen bonds
- of same distance
- very high melting point that are salt crystals
derivatives of aniline: aromatic amines with nitrogen bonded to benzene rings

ester: O double bond to c single bond to O
- “-oate”
- polar
- lower mp and bp than carboxylic acid due to molecular weight
- suffix originates from carboxylic acid
- carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester
- hydrolysis mechanism
- smell nice
esterification: substitution of OR group of alcohol replacing OH group of carboxylic acid
- carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester + H2O
ester hydrolysis: hydrolysis of ester bonds making glycerol + 3 fatty acids; long chain carboxylic acid
- in cells, carried out by lipases
estrogen: regulates menstrual cycle

formic acid (hco2h): cause of sting from some types of ants
fatty acids: carboxylic acids with carbon chain of 12-20 carbons
- 2 types:
  - saturated fatty acids: no double bonds in hydrocarbon chain
  - unsaturated fatty acids: 1 or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chain
    - usually cis
- unhydrolyzable (must have double bonds)
- name from back (tail end)
- body treats 2 at a time (acetyl groups)
- even numbers in nature
- can be written short hand
fats: building blocks of cell membrane
- stored body fats insulation
- energy that can be stored later
- higher melting point
- solid at room temp.
- saturated
- few double bonds
- don’t have as many kinks
facilitated transport: some ions and molecules travel through channels in cell membrane made by integral proteins (large ions)
- process cannot be reversed due to need for chaos and law of thermodynamics

hydrolysis: treatment of ester with water in presence of acid catalyst to carboxylic acid and molecule of alcohol
- bonds cleaved by reaction with water
hydrolyzable lipids: lipids made into smaller molecules by hydrolysis
- has ester bond
- types:
  - waxes
  - triacylglycerol
  - phospholipids
hydrophilic: molecule attached to water; water loving
high-density lipoprotein (HDL): transport cholesterol from tissues back to liver
- good protein
- more protein
- less cholesterol and esters of cholesterol
hormone: something made in 1 part of the body and transported to work in another area of body
- synthesized molecule in part of organism, electing response at different site
  - chemical substances that act as messengers in the body
    - 2 types:
      - sex hormones:
        female:
        estrogen
        progestins
        males:
        androgens
      - adrenal cortical steroid
  - estradiol (2 alcohol groups) —> estrone (ketone group added) —> progesterone
hydrogenation: adding hydrogen (H2) to molecules
- double bonds + H2 —> single bonds
- converts some cis-bonds
- partial hydrogenation: cis bonds —> trans bonds and fats

insoluble: not easily dissolved in water
- non-polar molecules

lipases: enzymes that carry out hydrolysis reactions
lipids: chemical messengers for cell membrane; biomolecules soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water
- energy source
- releases 2x energy per gram than carbs/proteins
- large # of non-polar C-C and C-H bonds
- has few polar bonds in functional groups
- insoluble in water
  - triple bonds makes it insoluble
- in:
  - fatty acids
  - oral contraceptives
  - butter and margarine
  - aspirin and prostaglandins
  - soap
  - lipid hydrolysis
- either hydrolyzable or non-hydrolyzable
- soluble in non-polar solvents and benzene rings
- either omega 3 or 6
- named starting at back; where tail is
- keeps things out of cell
lipid bilayer: structure of cell membrane having ionic heads outside and non-polar tails inside
- needs cholesterol in membrane to fill gaps in packing of lipid bilayer
- has “happy medium” = not too much cholesterol, not too little cholesterol
- hydrophobic in middle (proteins)
- hydrophilic on outside (peripheral proteins)
lipoprotein: small water soluble particle of proteins and lipids
low-density lipoprotein (LDL): transport cholesterol from liver to tissues
- bad protein
lecithin: phosphoacylglycerol compound that has R group ester fired to phosphodiester
- CH2 CH2 N(CH3)3+
- derivative of choline alcohol

myelin: insulating layer around nerves in brain and spinal cord
- made of proteins and fat (lipids)
- protects body of the neuron
mechanisms:
- electron arrow always point to atoms
- negative things point to positive things and vice versa
melting point:
- affected by saturation
- longer carbon chain = higher melting point
- more cis bonds = lower melting point
- more unsaturated = lower melting point
minerals: metals that became ions that can dissolve in liquid

non-polar: equal charge of elements
- insoluble
non-hydrolyzable lipids: lipids unable to become smaller molecules by aqueous hydrolysis
- 2 types:
  - steroids
  - fat-soluble vitamins

omega-n-acids: unsaturated fatty acids with n as carbon at 1st double bond occurs in carbon chain
oils:
- more double bonds
- liquid at room temp.
- higher melting point
- unsaturated
- has kinks in chain

polar: unequal charge of elements
- soluble
phosphodiester: derivative of phosphoric acid by replacing 2 of the hydrogen atoms with R groups
- has neg. charge
- phosphoric + phosphoric alcohol group —> ester
- reacts with each other
- result of dehydration
phosphoacylglycerols: makes lipid component of most cell membranes
- most common type of phospholipid
- only 2 hydroxyl groups esterfied with fatty acids
peripheral proteins: extend through entire bilayer of cell membrane
progestins: preps uterus for implantation of fertilized egg
- female sex hormones
phospholesters
- phosphoric acids + esters
phosphoric acids:
- originate from phosphate (PO4 3-)
- makes ATP
prostaglandin: signals that control different processes made in body
- made when needed to prepare damaged cells
- 20 carbons : 4 double bonds
- derive from arachidonic acid
- formed from omega fatty acids

saponification: basic hydrolysis of ester
soap: salts of carboxylic acids with many carbon atoms in long hydrocarbon chain
- made of 2 parts:
  - ionic end: “polar head”
  - non polar tail: carbon chain of non-polar
- made of lard + lyde (drano) + heat
- makes spherical droplets with ionic heads on surface and non polar tails together inside
- made from saponification
- long hydrocarbon chain as anion
- makes micelle bubbles as tails/bubbles
soluble: easily dissolve in water
- polar molecules
salts of carboxylic acids: formed by acid-base reactions water-soluble ionic solids
sodium benzoate: inhibits growth of fungus; preservative used in soft drinks
- prevent growth of microorganisms
- increase pH of product
sodium sorbate: additive that prolongs shelf-life of baked goods and other goods
- prevent growth of microorganisms
- increase pH of product
substitution: swapping parts of molecule
saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
- usually found in animals
- easy to pack
- fats
- solids
- no kinks
- full of hydrogens
- process of hydrogenation
- more kinks in chain
steroids: group of lipids whose carbon skeletons have 3 six-membered rings and 1 5-membered ring
- 2 methyl groups bonded to rings
  - differ in identity and location of substituents attached to skeleton
- nonhydrolyzable
- steroid backbone made of 4-fused rings
statin: drug that reduces level of cholesterol in bloodstream
- blocks synthesis of cholesterol in early stages
subcutaneous fat: fat underneath the skin
- body loses over time
- protects and insulates body
- sub = under; skin = skin —→ under skin

triester: glycerol (3 OH/hydroxyl groups) reacting with 3 fatty acids
triacylglycerols: 3 ester groups with long carbon chain bonded to carbonyl group
- lipids
- water insoluble organic compounds
- in animal fats and vegetable oils
- animals store energy as this in layers of fat cells below surface of skin
- solid at room temp = fat
  - when solid TAG = less unsaturated fat
- liquid at room temp = oil
trans fats
- aka trans triacylglycerols
- forms when liquid oils hydrogenate making semi-solid TAGs
- increase cholesterol in blood stream

unsaturated fats: has double bonds
- usually in vegetables
- cis double bonds with kink in side chain
- oils
- liquid at room temp
- poorly packed
- lacking some hydrogens
- lower melting points

vitamin: organic compounds needed in small amounts for normal metabolism
- fat soluble or water soluble
  - fat soluble vitamins = lipids
  - vitamins A,D,E,K found in fruits, vegetables, fish, liver, dairy
  - excess stored in adipose cells and used when needed
  - water soluble vitamins excreted in urine
  - fat soluble vitamins stored in body
vitamin A:
- from liver, oily fish, dairy products
- synthesized from beta-carotene (orange pigment in carrots)
- converted to 11-cis-retinal (light sensitive compound that gives vision in all vertebrates
- found in liver, kidney, oily fish, eggs, dairy products
vitamin D:
- technically not vitamin because synthesized from cholesterol
- regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- lack of this causes: knock-knees, spinal curvature, skeletal deformities
- found in fortified milk and breakfast cereals
vitamin E:
- antioxidant
- protects unsaturated side chains in fatty acids from unwanted oxidation
- lack of can cause: neurological issues
  - rare to lack
- found in sunflower and safflower seeds, nuts, beans, whole grain, leafy greens
vitamin K:
- regulates synthesis of proteins needed for blood to clot
- lack of can cause: excessive and fatal bleeding and inadequate blood clotting
- found in cauliflower, soybeans, broccoli, leafy greens, green tea

waxes: long chain of alcohol + fatty acid
- simplest hydrolyzable lipids
- form protective coating on feathers of birds making water repellent
- formed from dehydration reaction
- keeps water out and protects