Studied by 15 people
Open System
Allows energy and matter to cross the systems boundary (tree)
Closed System
Allows only energy but no matter to cross the boundary (earth)
Isolated Systems
Allows neither energy nor matter to flow across the boundary
Atmosphere's layers
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
Troposphere
Lowest layer of the atmosphere where we find weather
Stratosphere
10-50 km above sea level, has the Ozon layer (protects organisms)
Mesosphere
50-80km
Thermosphere
80+km
Lithosphere
Is the solid portions of earth (above semi fluid upper mantle)
Hydrosphere
All water of earth (on the surface area and underground)
Biosphere
Absorbs energy
Reflection
Change the sun ray's direction
Absorption
Energy is converted into another form of energy
Albedo
Ability of a surface to reflect light (higher the Albedo the more it reflects)
Net radiation budget
Difference between the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation (net budget = incoming - outgoing)
How much solar energy is absorbed by land and ocean
49%
How much solar is absorbed reflected and scattered
42%
reflected by earths surface
9%
gases that absorb infrared radiation
water, co2, ch4 (methane), n20 (nitrous oxide), ozon, halocarbon
Photosynthesis
carbon is absorbed through plants
cellular respiration
carbon released into the atmosphere by terrestrial and aquatic living
Photosynthesis (compound)
carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen
CO2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + O2
Cellular respiration (compound)
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O
combustion (compound)
Methane + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
CH4 + O2 = CO2 + H2O
Dalton
Believed all atoms are smart particles of matter. Billiard ball model
Bohr
electrons surrounded the nucleus in specific (quantized) energy levels
JJ Thomson
Atoms are positive spheres embedded with negative charged atoms (plum pudding model)
Ruther Ford
Gold foil experiment. Believed most atoms are empty space with tiny positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbit the positively charged nucleus (planetary model)
Democritus
Proposed the idea that matter was made up of tiny particles that could not be further subdivided
Aristotle
Proposed (all matter) was made up of four elements. He also proposed matter was infinitely divisible
Mixture
Matter that can be separated by physical means, does not have a definite composition
Heterogeneous
(Mechanical mixtures) Different components of mixtures are visible. Component is variable (salad dressing)
Homogeneous
(solution) -different components are not visible (ice tea)
pure mixture
matter that has a definite composition (chem formula)
Element
Cannot chemically be broken down (is on period table) nor further broken down
Compound
Two or more elements that are chemically combined (can be
separated into simpler substances)
Monatomic
Element type: Single atoms (Li, Na, Mg)
Molecular
Combination of two or more atoms (P4, S8, I2, Br2)
Compound
Two or more elements chemically combined. Different properties than elements
Law of definite proportions
Always has same ratios of atoms (water is always H2O and never anything else)
Parts of Atom
Proton, Neutron, Electron
Metalloids
Have properties between metal and non metals
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons ( C-12, C-13, C-14)
Ions
stable, unequal # of P+ and E- there are
two types Cation and anions
Atoms
Unstable (want to be stable),
equal #p+ and e-
form ion naturally by losing or gaining e-
outlet rule
They form ions in order to have a stable outtering
Ionic
Complete transfer of 1 or more electron from one atom to another
Covalent
some valence electrons are shared between atoms
Metallic
Holds atoms of metal together
ionic bonds
usually solid at room temp
formed by a transfer of e- from one atom to another
between metals and none metals
Charged atom
when a atom gains or loses a e- they become charged
metal atoms/ions
loses e- and become positively charged
non metal atoms/ions
gain e- and become neg charged called ANION
Note
Flashcard