Chemistry

Open System

Allows energy and matter to cross the systems boundary (tree)

Closed System

Allows only energy but no matter to cross the boundary (earth)

Isolated Systems

Allows neither energy nor matter to flow across the boundary

Atmosphere's layers

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

Troposphere

Lowest layer of the atmosphere where we find weather

Stratosphere

10-50 km above sea level, has the Ozon layer (protects organisms)

Mesosphere

50-80km

Thermosphere

80+km

Lithosphere

Is the solid portions of earth (above semi fluid upper mantle)

Hydrosphere

All water of earth (on the surface area and underground)

Biosphere

Absorbs energy

Reflection

Change the sun ray's direction

Absorption

Energy is converted into another form of energy

Albedo

Ability of a surface to reflect light (higher the Albedo the more it reflects)

Net radiation budget

Difference between the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation (net budget \= incoming - outgoing)

How much solar energy is absorbed by land and ocean

49%

How much solar is absorbed reflected and scattered

42%

reflected by earths surface

9%

gases that absorb infrared radiation

water, co2, ch4 (methane), n20 (nitrous oxide), ozon, halocarbon

Photosynthesis

carbon is absorbed through plants

cellular respiration

carbon released into the atmosphere by terrestrial and aquatic living

Photosynthesis (compound)

carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

CO2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + O2

Cellular respiration (compound)

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O

combustion (compound)

Methane + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

CH4 + O2 = CO2 + H2O

Dalton

Believed all atoms are smart particles of matter. Billiard ball model

Bohr

electrons surrounded the nucleus in specific (quantized) energy levels

JJ Thomson

Atoms are positive spheres embedded with negative charged atoms (plum pudding model)

Ruther Ford

Gold foil experiment. Believed most atoms are empty space with tiny positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbit the positively charged nucleus (planetary model)

Democritus

Proposed the idea that matter was made up of tiny particles that could not be further subdivided

Aristotle

Proposed (all matter) was made up of four elements. He also proposed matter was infinitely divisible

Mixture

Matter that can be separated by physical means, does not have a definite composition

Heterogeneous

(Mechanical mixtures) Different components of mixtures are visible. Component is variable (salad dressing)

Homogeneous

(solution) -different components are not visible (ice tea)

pure mixture

matter that has a definite composition (chem formula)

Element

Cannot chemically be broken down (is on period table) nor further broken down

Compound

Two or more elements that are chemically combined (can be

separated into simpler substances)

Monatomic

Element type: Single atoms (Li, Na, Mg)

Molecular

Combination of two or more atoms (P4, S8, I2, Br2)

Compound

Two or more elements chemically combined. Different properties than elements

Law of definite proportions

Always has same ratios of atoms (water is always H2O and never anything else)

Parts of Atom

Proton, Neutron, Electron

Metalloids

Have properties between metal and non metals

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons ( C-12, C-13, C-14)

Ions

stable, unequal # of P+ and E- there are

two types Cation and anions

Atoms

Unstable (want to be stable),

equal #p+ and e-

form ion naturally by losing or gaining e-

outlet rule

They form ions in order to have a stable outtering

Ionic

Complete transfer of 1 or more electron from one atom to another

Covalent

some valence electrons are shared between atoms

Metallic

Holds atoms of metal together

ionic bonds

usually solid at room temp

formed by a transfer of e- from one atom to another

between metals and none metals

Charged atom

when a atom gains or loses a e- they become charged

metal atoms/ions

loses e- and become positively charged

non metal atoms/ions

gain e- and become neg charged called ANION