Chapter 1

Chemistry

The study of matter, its properties, the changes it goes through, and the energy that moves around.

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume.

Composition

Amounts of simpler substances that make up matter.

Properties

Characteristics of substances.

Solid

A state of matter with a fixed shape and volume.

Liquid

A state of matter that has a moldable shape, conforms to the shape of its container, but has a fixed volume.

Gas

A state of matter with no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

Physical Properties

Characteristics that do not involve interactions with another substance, such as color and density.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics that involve interactions with other substances, such as flammability and corrosiveness.

Physical Change

A reversible change where the physical form changes but the composition does not.

Chemical Change

A change that cannot be reversed by changing temperature.

Energy

The ability to do work.

Potential Energy

Energy due to the position of an object.

Kinetic Energy

Energy due to the movement of an object.

Total Energy

The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.

Lower Energy State

A state that is more stable.

Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold one object is relative to another.

Heat

The energy that flows from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature.

Temperature Conversion (K)

T(K) = T(C) + 273.15

Temperature Conversion (C)

T(C) = T(K) - 273.15

Temperature Conversion (F)

T(F) = 9/5 T(C) + 32

Temperature Conversion (C from F)

T(C) = [T(F) - 32] 5/9

Significant Figures

Rules for determining which digits in a number are significant.

Precision

Refers to the closeness of measurements in a series to each other.

Accuracy

How close each measurement is to the actual value.

Systematic Error

An error that produces values that are all higher or all lower than the actual value.

Random Error

An error that produces values that are both higher and lower than the actual value.

Conversion Factors

Ratios of equivalent quantities used to express a quantity.

Dimensional Analysis

The use of conversion factors as full ratios.

Density

The ratio of mass to volume (density = mass/volume).

Extensive Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of substance.

Intensive Properties

Properties that are independent of the amount of substance.