Chapter 1

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32 Terms

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Chemistry

The study of matter, its properties, the changes it goes through, and the energy that moves around.

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Matter

Anything that has mass and volume.

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Composition

Amounts of simpler substances that make up matter.

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Properties

Characteristics of substances.

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Solid

A state of matter with a fixed shape and volume.

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Liquid

A state of matter that has a moldable shape, conforms to the shape of its container, but has a fixed volume.

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Gas

A state of matter with no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

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Physical Properties

Characteristics that do not involve interactions with another substance, such as color and density.

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Chemical Properties

Characteristics that involve interactions with other substances, such as flammability and corrosiveness.

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Physical Change

A reversible change where the physical form changes but the composition does not.

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Chemical Change

A change that cannot be reversed by changing temperature.

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Energy

The ability to do work.

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Potential Energy

Energy due to the position of an object.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy due to the movement of an object.

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Total Energy

The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.

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Lower Energy State

A state that is more stable.

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Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold one object is relative to another.

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Heat

The energy that flows from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature.

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Temperature Conversion (K)

T(K) = T(C) + 273.15

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Temperature Conversion (C)

T(C) = T(K) - 273.15

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Temperature Conversion (F)

T(F) = 9/5 T(C) + 32

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Temperature Conversion (C from F)

T(C) = [T(F) - 32] 5/9

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Significant Figures

Rules for determining which digits in a number are significant.

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Precision

Refers to the closeness of measurements in a series to each other.

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Accuracy

How close each measurement is to the actual value.

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Systematic Error

An error that produces values that are all higher or all lower than the actual value.

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Random Error

An error that produces values that are both higher and lower than the actual value.

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Conversion Factors

Ratios of equivalent quantities used to express a quantity.

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Dimensional Analysis

The use of conversion factors as full ratios.

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Density

The ratio of mass to volume (density = mass/volume).

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Extensive Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of substance.

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Intensive Properties

Properties that are independent of the amount of substance.