1.1-1.5

• chemistry: the study of matter, its properties, the changes it goes through, and the energy that moves around

• matter: anything that has mass and volume

• composition: amounts of simpler substances that make up matter

• properties: characteristics of substances

States of Matter:

• Solid: fixed shape + volume

• Liquid: moldable shape, conforms to shape of container, but has a fixed volume

  - upper surface:

• Gas: no fixed shape + no fixed volume, no surface

Properties:

• Physical Properties: No interactions with another substance

  - Color, melting point, boiling point, density.

• Chemical Properties:

  - Flammability, corrosiveness.

Temperature and Change of State:

• Physical Change: reversible, physical form changes, composition does not.

  - By changing temperature, reverse changes

• Chemical Change: cannot be reversed by change in temp

Energy in Chemistry:

• Energy: the ability to do work

• Potential energy: energy due to the position of an object

• Kinetic energy: energy due to the movement of an object

• Total Energy= Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy

• lower energy state=more stable

Temperature:

• Temperature: measure of how hot/cold one object is relative to another

• Heat: the energy that flows from object with higher temperature to object with lower temperature

Temperature Conversions:

• T(K)=T(C)+273.15

• T(C)=T(K)-273.15

• T(F)=9/5 T(C)+32

• T(C)= [T(F)-32] 5/9

• K-Kelvin, C=Celsius, F=Fahrenheit

Sig Figs:

• no decimal point= ending 0’s are not sig

• zeros that end a number are sig if there is a decimal point

  1. make sure the number has a decimal point

  2. start at the left and move right until you reach non-zero

  3. every digit to its right is sig (unless no decimal pt)

Precision, Accuracy, and Error:

• Precision: refers to closeness of measurements in a series to each other.

• Accuracy: how close each measurement is to the actual value.

• Systematic error: produces values that are all higher or all lower than the actual value

  - This error is part of the experimental system

• Random error: produces values that are both higher and lower than the actual value (this always occurs)

Conversion Factors:

• Conversion Factors: ration of equivalent quantities used to express a quantity

• Dimensional Analysis: conversion factors as full ratios

Density:

• density= mass/volume

Extensive/Intensive Properties:

• Extensive Properties: dependent on amt of substance

• Intensive Properties: independent of amt of substance