RQ for kidney lab

What is the location of the kidneys in mammals?

Retroperitoneal

Which species has both kidneys bean-shaped?

Sheep

Which species has heart-shaped right kidneys?

Horse

Which species has lobulated kidneys?

Cattle

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

Glomerulus

What forces plasma out of the blood at the glomerulus?

Blood pressure

What percentage of plasma entering the glomerulus is normally filtered into the nephron?

20%

Which hormone controls water reabsorption in the kidneys?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Which structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Ureter

What membrane surrounds the kidney externally?

Renal capsule

Which region is the outer portion of the kidney just beneath the capsule?

Cortex

What is the indentation on the medial aspect of the kidney where vessels enter/exit?

Renal hilus

Which vessel brings blood into the kidney?

Renal artery

Which vessel exits the kidney carrying filtered blood?

Renal vein

Which structure removes urine from the kidney?

Ureter

Where is the renal medulla located?

Deeper region beneath the cortex

What are renal pyramids?

Triangular regions of the medulla containing collecting ducts

Where does urine from the renal pyramids empty into?

Renal papilla

What is the function of renal columns?

Separate renal pyramids and contain interlobar vessels

What is the renal pelvis?

Cavity collecting urine before entering the ureter

What is the renal papilla?

The tip of the renal pyramid, where urine is discharged into the minor calyx

Which structure receives urine directly from the renal papilla?

Minor calyx

What is the primary function of the minor calyx?

Collect urine from a single renal papilla

Which structure is formed by the merging of two or more minor calyces?

Major calyx

Which structure is the final collecting cavity inside the kidney before urine enters the ureter?

Renal pelvis

Where is the renal pelvis located?

At the hilus, continuous with the ureter

Which structure is directly continuous with the ureter?

Renal pelvis

Which of the following correctly represents the flow of urine within the kidney?

Collecting Duct → Renal Papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis

Which structure surrounds the apex of each renal pyramid?

Minor calyx

What anatomical feature allows renal papillae to drain urine efficiently?

Numerous collecting ducts converging at the apex of pyramids

Which term describes the smaller extensions that collect urine from papillae?

Minor calyx

Which term describes the larger extensions merging into the renal pelvis?

Major calyx

Where is ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) produced?

Hypothalamus

Where is ADH released from?

Posterior pituitary

What percentage of water is typically reabsorbed by terrestrial mammals?

99%

Which species lacks a urinary bladder?

Birds

What is the final structure urine passes through before exiting the body?

Urethra