Language Acquisition Chapter 6 short version

what is the age range of stage 2

27 to 30 months

what is the age range of stage 3

31 to 34 months

what is the age range of stage 4

35 to 40 months

what is the age range of stage 5

41 to 46 months

how do you calculate chronological age

date minus DOB *might round up depending on test

what is the MLU for stage 2

2-2.5

what is modulations of meaning

modifying or regulating the production of words

- adding s, ing, etc.

what is metalinguistics

the ability to think about own language

what are stage 2 pronouns

words used in place of a noun

- begin in stage one or two, but not fully mastered until age 5

how are pronouns acquired

a predictable manner (subjective, objective, possessive forms, reflexive)

pronouns can indicate ______

gender, lack of gender, number of items

pronouns - subjective

(he, it, she)

pronouns - objective

(me, her, them)

pronouns - must learn when to use is/are

(he is, they are)

pronouns - possessive forms

(hers, his, mine)

pronouns - reflexive forms

(yourself, herself)

what is the order in which pronouns are typically learned?

subjective

objective

is/are

possessive forms

reflexive forms

what are auxiliary verbs

helping verbs

what are the primary auxiliary verbs

have and do

- acquired by 27 months

what are secondary auxiliary verbs

aka "modals" (can, shall, will)

- acquired at 30 months

what are semi-auxiliary verbs

gonna, hafta, wanna

what are the stage 2 phrases

combinations of words that serve a grammatical purpose/related in some way. Not a complete sentence

- some phrases might meet criteria for a simple sentence

what is a noun phrase

contains a noun and words that describe the noun (my/mine, this/that)

what are the 4 types of modifiers

determiners, adjectival, initiator, and postmodifier

what is a determiner

the 1st unit in a noun phrase; could be an article (a, the), possessive noun (my), demonstrative (this, that, those) or a qualifier (some, most, many)

what is an adjectival

modifies a noun; can be an adjective or ordinal (1st, 2nd, last), or a quantifier (1 or few)

what is an initiator

comes before determiner and limits the noun (only, just, all)

what is a postmodifier

comes after noun; might be a phrase (in the middle, on the big tray)

what is a verb phrase

contains a verb and other supporting or qualifying words (-ing endings and semiauxiliary gonna, wanna)

label this example sentence: Just a big ball in the middle

Just- initiator

a- determiner

big- adjective

ball- noun

in the middle- post modifer

what is stage 2 negation

used to express nonexistence, rejection, and denial- expresses disagreement

when does negation begin and when is it mastered

begins at late stage 1 and is mastered by early stage 4

what is stage 2 asking questions

different kinds of questions- yes/no questions, wh- questions

what is an example of a late stage 1 early stage 2 question

"Go bye-bye?"

- inflection

what is an example of a late stage 2 early stage 3 question

"What daddy doing?"

- question word

what is an example of a late stage 3 early stage 4 question

"Why is he eating?"

- full question

when are yes/no questions with rising intonation acquired

25-28 months

what wh does a child begin with

what, where, why; which, who, whom, how are later

what is stage 2 requests and demands

the ability to produce correct imperative sentences and begins around 31 months

What is an imperative sentence?

a sentence that gives advice/instructions or that expresses a request/command

what does the use of body language and prosodic variations help do

convey a message

how many words per day does a child learn between the ages of 18 months and 6 years

9 new words

a 2 year old can expressively use how many words

200 to 300

what happens in later stage 2 of semantics

use about 400 words

- this is about 100-200 more than three months ago

what is fast mapping

learning the word with the first exposure

- continues to gather information to make the understanding of the word more complete (repeated exposures/routine activities)

what kind of sentences are used in stage 2

longer, more elaborate sentences with a more defined meaning

- bc of a richer vocabulary

what is identified through semantics in stage 2

emotions in self and others

what words show the understanding of causality

because and so

what word does a child begin to use with more purpose in stage 2

please

how does a child begin to talk in stage 2

more frequently and more completely

explain some of the important factors of pragmatics and conversation in stage 2

- better able to gain attention and communicate during conversation

- more complete and meaningful responses to comments and questions

- able to introduce new conversation topics

- 1-2 turns topic maintenance

- longer pauses but shorter than stage 1

- beginning to understand conversational repair; though it may not be revised correctly, they will advance as the lang skills improve

What is metalinguistics?

ability to think about language and manipulate the components of language

what are the metalinguistics during stage 2

attention to the regularity of rhythms and phrases

- can be practiced in the form of: imitation of songs and dances

what is the age and MLU of stage 3

31-34 Months

MLU is 2.5-3.0

what is the morphological development in stage 3

*does begin in stage 2 and continues into stage 3

- more consistent use of personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, articles, qualifiers, adjectives, auxiliary verbs (may not be the correct use)

how is the development of phrases and sentences used in stage 3

- more complete/meaningful phrases are created due to increased understanding and use of grammatical morphemes

- overextension of past tense for irregular verbs (he runned fast)

- more advanced use of negation (dont throw it)

explain development of questions in stage 3

- inverts auxiliary verbs

- inverts copula verbs

- what and where type questions most frequent

- emerging use of why, who, and how

the child is more sophistocated in their ways of asking questions

explain stage 3 pragmatics and conversation

- approx 2 conversation turns per topic

- difficulty noted in commenting on absent items/event

- unable to relay nonverbal communication

- may rely on answering questions to stay on topic

- conversational repairs continue to improve

what is topic collaborating

repeating all or part of the partners utterances to maintain the topic

- stage 3 pragmatics and conversation

explain some of the characteristics of stage 3 narratives

- caregivers provide support to teach narratives (structure)

- helps teach structure to language/sequences

- helps provide a way for children to think about and remember information

- narrative discourse: at least two utterances in order about a past of future event

how is a narrative produced

- language ability required to talk about episodes and settings

- aware and responsive to conversational partners needs

- must effectively use working memory and information processing in order to sequence the amount of info needed for story

what is recounts

statement about a childs day

what are protonarratives

statement about past event prompted by caregiver that shared the experience

what is account

spontaneous retelling of past events

what is chaining

ordering events into a logical schedule

what is centering

building the story around a central theme

what is used in in narratives and past events during stage 3

beginning to use recounts/accounts and organizational strategies

what are the metalinguistics of stage 3

- awareness of rhythms continue

- crave repetition of interactive games, dancing

- responds to predictable patterns

- book-sharing activities; print interest, directs attention to pictures/print, focus on vocabulary, teaches knowledge on how to use a book, orientation, turning pages, etc.

what is the age range and MLU of stage 4

35 to 40 months

- 2 years 11 months to 3 years 4 months

- MLU is 3.0-3.75

explain how a child uses phrases in stage 4

- within a clause

- complex sentences (one clause in another )

- compound sentences (joining 2 independent clauses; and)

- different types of phrases emerge

what is a clause

collection of words that contain a subject and a verb

what are the types of phrases

prepositional, participial, infinitives, and gerund

What is a prepositional phrase?

preposition with object, modifiers and object

- the cat was in the house

what is a participial phrase

verb form ending in -ing, -ed, -en, -t

- we listened to the crying baby

What are infinitives?

verb form introduced with "to" or "in order to"

- I have time to devote to reading

what are gerunds

verb form ending in -ing functions as subject or object

- drawing is fun (it acts as noun)

what are the 14 grammatical morphemes that continue to develop in stage 4

use of: they, us, hers, her, his, and them

use of modifiers: some, something, other, more, one, two, and another

use of past tense modals: could, would, should

begins to add "be" and -ing verb forms

use modifier in front of noun (descriptive)

difference in might/must vs can/may

overextension of past tense verbs continue

uses negative contractions - didn't

questions beginning with - why, who, how, when

what are some pragmatic and conversation skills in stage 4

pausing in conversation

1 to 2 turns topic maintenance

- is dependent on the topic interest

perfecting presuppositional skills

what are 3 specific pragmatics and conversation skills that emerge in stage 4

anaphoric reference

deixis

grammatical ellipsis

what is presuppositional skills

providing just the right amount of information, not too much of what the listener knows, but enough to get the message across in conversation

What is anaphoric reference?

use of pronoun to refer to item already mentioned in conversation

what is deixis

process information from another persons perspective (the idea that certain words mean different things based on who says them)

what are deictic word pairs

here/there, this/that, I/you, my/your

- over here is different than over here over there

what is grammatical ellipsis

omission of information when he assumes the listener already has it

what are stage 4 narratives

presuppositional skills are dependent on cognitive and linguistic level of speaker

requests and commands

narrative skills

what are qualities of requests/commands

- nonverbal

- direct (adds a positive note to conversation)

- indirect ("I sure could use a drink!")

what are the qualities of narratives in stage 4

continued improvement of story telling

move from chaining type of organization to logical sequence of events

- beginning to end

what are some qualities of metalinguistics and emergent literacy

- increased interest in books and metalinguistics skills

- print referencing- used to direct attention to written language

- establishes foundational literacy skills (print functions, print organization, print concepts, word concepts, letter knowledge, part-to-whole word relationships

- caregivers actions during book sharing activity (pointing to words, asking question regarding: letter identification, name identification, etc

what is the age range and MLU for stage 5

41-46 months (3 yrs 5 months to 3 yrs 10 months)

MLU is 3.75 to 4.5

how many grammatical morphemes are developed by stage 5

9 of 14

what are some characteristics of morphology in stage 5

- mastery of common irregular verbs

- contracted copula

- copula reflects person/tense

- mastery of 3rd person singular verbs for regular and irregular

- personal pronouns develop

- negative past tense

- questions- adds huh or okay to indicate question

- more/most

- adding ER for agentive form

what are the kinds of suffixes that emerge in stage 5

comparative- understanding and use of er - faster

superlative- understanding and use of est - fastest

what are some characteristics of embedding and conjoining sentences in stage 5

- developed more elaborate sentences by combining

- relative clauses to describe unspecific noun

- begin to use multiple embeddings

- more consistent use of clauses

- more predictable manner

what is additve

joins 2 independent clauses

what is object specification

links clauses with common topic

what is temporal

used to sequence clauses

- one event after another

what is causal

states an action followed by a reason

what is adversative

used to show contrast

what are some characteristics of pragmatics and conversations in stage 5

more appropriate

more social

better at anticipating turn (will to communicate)

may try to finish listeners thought

willing to give up turn to keep topic

struggle with 3 person convo

increase loudness for attention

increase in turns but doesnt add new info

uses please

what are some characteristics of narratives in stage 5

continuing to develop

- more complex grammatical terms

- more sequencing