AP World Unit 1.6

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from lecture notes on the Middle Ages.

Church bells

Crucial for the dictation of time in the Middle Ages.

Manorial System

The economic and political situation between landlord and laborer in 5th-10th century Europe.

Serfs

Laborers within the Manorial System.

Three-field system

An agricultural innovation introduced in the 9th century that improved yields.

Vikings

Marauders from Scandinavia who believed in pagan gods and attacked swiftly.

Pope

The Bishop of Rome who became the head of the Christian church.

Gregory I

A medieval pope who significantly strengthened papal power.

Monks

Individuals who began converting Germanic people to Christianity and who copied books in monasteries.

Clovis of the Franks

The first leader to convert his Germanic people to Christianity.

Monasteries

Stable places of learning where books were copied during the Middle Ages.

Feudalism

A system based on land protection, local government, and local self-sufficiency, emphasizing the holding of land.

Feudal contract

A public pledge of allegiance made by a lord to a King.

Fief

The land given to a lord as part of a feudal contract.

Knights

Members of the upper class who developed a code of chivalry.

Code of chivalry

A set of rules and ideals developed by knights.

Henry II

English King (1154-1189) who expanded royal power and introduced common law.

Common law

A legal system introduced in England by Henry II.

Magna Carta

A document established in 1215 under King John that limited the King's power.

Model Parliament

A representative assembly summoned by Edward I in 1295 to plan war, leading to the formation of the House of Lords and House of Commons.

Reconquista

A successful effort to drive Muslims out of Spain.

Crusades

Events that served as the best example of Europe's expansionist tendencies.

Dominicans

A religious order formed to spread the word of God.

Franciscans

A religious order formed to spread the word of God.

Poor Clares

A religious order formed to spread the word of God.

Pope Gregory VII

Reformed the Church by removing it from state control and abolishing investiture.

Investiture

The state appointment of bishops, which was abolished as part of Church reform.

Theology

The study of religious beliefs, often approached from a philosophical viewpoint with reason during the Middle Ages.

Thomas Aquinas

A scholar who wrote Summa Theologiae, believing faith came first but expanding the use of reason.

Summa Theologiae

A work by Thomas Aquinas that emphasized faith while also incorporating reason.

Gothic architecture

A style of church design characterized by ribs and flying buttresses.

Vernacular

Increased use of local languages for writing other than scholarly works during the Middle Ages.

Capitalism

An economic system whose origins are linked to the rise of trade during the Middle Ages.

Guilds

Associations of people who worked at the same occupation, created to regulate industry and trade.

Craft guilds

Guilds that regulated industry, decided what was produced, hours/wages, quotas, and prices.

Merchant guilds

Guilds that regulated trade, taxed non-members, encouraged fair business practices, and served as social clubs.

Hundred Years' War

A conflict between France and England that lasted from 1337 to 1453.

Joan of Arc

A figure who emerged in the 4th stage of the Hundred Years' War, leading French forces to reestablish control.

Longbow

A new weapon introduced during the Hundred Years' War.

Cannon

A new weapon introduced during the Hundred Years' War.

Heretic

One who has done something against the Church.

Clergy

Priests or religious officials.

Bull

An official statement made by the Pope.

Boniface VIII

A pope who issued a bull in 1296 stating that kings were not to tax the clergy.

Unam Sanctum

A bull issued in 1302 that declared the heavenly power (pope) was superior to earthly power (kings).

Philip IV

The King who ignored Unam Sanctum, kidnapped Boniface VIII, and placed a French archbishop as pope in Avignon.

Avignon Papacy

The period when the pope, placed by Philip IV, resided in Avignon, France.

Pope Urban VI

Chosen to satisfy Italians after the papacy moved back to Rome.

Clement VII

Chosen by French cardinals as a new pope, leading to the "Pope problem" with two popes.

Pope problem

A period from 1378 to 1417 characterized by the argument over who was the true pope, with two competing claims.